Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Pergularia daemia: Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles

Introduction

Pergularia daemia, a member of asclepiadaceae family, is a perennial vine commonly found along Indian roadsides. Its aerial parts possess diverse medical properties, serving as anti-helminthic, antiseptic and anti-venom agents, along with treating gastric ulcer and menstrual issues. Furthermore, its leaves are utilized in addressing ailments such as arthritis and respiratory conditions¹. Though the medicinal effect of PD leaves were known for ages in medicinal and home cooking, its ability in drug delivery and synthesis of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nano-particle from its leaves were still exploratory and this study is an attempt to explore the underexploited area.

Nanotechnology, encompassing nanoscience, involves the synthesis and utilization of nano-sized particles, typically ranging from 1 to 100nm, finding extensive applications across energy, chemicals, healthcare and cosmetic sector. Notably among metal oxide nanoparticles like CuO, ZnO and Co₃O₄, titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles stand out for their remarkable stability, insolubility in water and distinctive magnetic, thermal, optical and electrical characteristics ^2,3. Zinc oxide nano-particles (ZnONPs) exhibit remarkable therapeutic efficacy, particularly in combating and treating infectious diseases. Moreover, zinc oxide (ZnO) particles demonstrate wound- healing attributes, antioxidant capabilities and even display anticancer properties⁴. Owing to its numerous health potential of ZnO, the production of ZnO nanoparticle becomes the major part of study from potential source.

Materials and Methods

All the chemicals required for performing the synthesis of zinc oxide nano particle and analyzing its properties were done using chemicals procured from Sigma-Aldrich. The reagents used for analysis were of pure analytical grade and the water used were double distilled throughout the experiment

Extract Production using Pergularia daemia leaves

Pergularia daemia leaves (raw material) for synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle were procured from Sekkakudi, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu.100 grams of crushed dried leaves (0.45 mm) of PD was mixed with 70 mL methanol ie. 70% (V/W) methanolic solvent. The above solid-liquid ratio was mixed thoroughly using glass rod, covered by aluminum foil and allowed to stand for 4 days at 32 ⁰C (Room temperature). Then the extract was filtered via whatman No.1 filter paper which was further used for phytochemical screening and synthesis of Pergularia daemia mediated zinc oxide nano particle.

Synthesis of Zinc oxide nano-particles from Pergularia daemia (precipitation method)

ZnO nanoparticles were prepared by mixing 95 mL of a 0.01M zinc acetate dihydrate solution with 5 mL of PD leaf extract in a sterile 250 ml flask. The contents were vigorously stirred (at 150 rpm) for an hour at 70°C. The white precipitate formed is known as green mediated PD zinc oxide nano particles. The above effluent was discarded, and the formed white precipitate was transferred to 1.5 ml microfuge tubes and centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 30 min with distilled water. This washing process with distilled water was carried out three times to achieve maximal impurity removal (to get pure form of nanoparticle). 

Phyto-chemical screening of extract

Various tests on phytochemical screening was performed for alkaloids using mayer’s test, wagner’s test, presence of carbohydrate by Molisch test, Fehlings test, barfoed’s test, benedict reagent test, glycosidic reduction test, saponins, protein identification using millon’s test, biuret test, amino acids by ninhydrin test, oils by saponification test followed  by phenols, anthocyanin, terpenoids and flavonoids identification tests. All the analysis for phytochemical screening were performed based on method adopted from ⁵.

Characterization

UV-Visible

The UV-Visible absorption spectrum of synthesized nanoparticles reveals a recognized trend in absorption spectroscopy: a rise in band gap accompanies a reduction in particle size. The UV-visible was performed at 400-700 nm wavelength.

FTIR

FTIR analysis serves as a tool for discerning molecular compounds, operating through the measurement of infrared radiation absorbance by a sample. FTIR was performed in wave numbers of 4000 to 500 cm^-1 with resolution of 4 cm^-1 and 32 scans.

XRD

This method was employed to assess both the structure and crystalline dimensions of the synthesized nano-particles recorded by XPERT-3. The data was collected in the 2Ɵ range of 5-80⁰. The scan axis was gonio, type continuous with goniometer radius 240mm.

SEM

The scanning electron microscope (SEM) stands as a prevalent method for analyzing nanomaterial’s and nanostructures. SEM analysis was determined using VEGA 3 TESCAN microscope.

Anti-cancerous activity

The MBA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were sourced from the NCCS cell repository in Pune, India. They were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, streptomycin (100 µg mL^-1 and penicillin (100 µ mL^-1) to prevent bacterial contamination, under humidified conditions with 5% carbon-di-oxide at 37⁰C.

MTT Test

MDA- MB-231 cell cytotoxicity was assessed using the ⁵.  MDA-MB-231 viable cells were harvested and counted using hemocytometer. They were then diluted in DMEM medium to a density of 1 x 10⁴ cells/mLand seeded (96-well plates holds 100-200 microliters), allowing attachment over a 24- hour incubation period. Subsequently, In each well, MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with different doses ranging from 50 to 500 µg/mL.

After wards, the drug-containing cells were washed with culture medium and MTT dye (5mg mL^-1 in PBS) and included to each well. The cells were then rested in incubator for an additional 4 hours at 37⁰C to allow for the formation of purple precipitated formazan. The formed formazan crystals were dissolved in 100 µL of concentrated DMSO and the cell viability was assessed by measuring at 540 nm using a multi-well plate reader. The results were presented as the percentage of viable cells compared to the control. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50) values were calculated and the optimal doses were analyzed at different time periods to determine their efficacy.

Antioxidant assay (DPPH)

To assess the antioxidant activity of the sample, stable DPPH free radical activity was utilized. Initially, a 500 µL ethanolic solution of DPPH (0.05 mM) was combined with 1000 µL of PD mediated zinc oxide nano particles. The freshly prepared DPPH solution was stored (4⁰C) in dark. The resulting mixture was vigorously shaken, followed by the addition of 96% ethanol (2.7 mL). Subsequently, the mixture was allowed to rest (5 minutes) and absorbance was examined spectrophotometrically (540nm). To establish a baseline, the absorbance was at zero using ethanol. Additionally, a blank was prepared with the same quantity of ethanol and DPPH. Each experiment was performed in triplicate to ensure accuracy. The radical activity of the tested analytes was calculated and expressed as a percentage of inhibition relative to the control.

DPPH activity inhibition (%) = [(A-B)/A] x 100

A represents – absorbance of the control (without sample) and

B represents – absorbance of the test sample

Results and Discussion

The methanolic extract of leaves of PD was screened for their active phytochemical constituents. It is evident that location of sample procurement has difference in composition and our study is the first to report the qualitative phytochemical investigation of the leaves of PD from Sekkakudi, Sivagangai district, Tamil Nadu. The results were given in table 1 for the qualitative phytochemical analysis from leaves of PD for alkaloids, carbohydrates, glucose, saponins, protein, amino acids, fixed oils & fats, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, terpenoids, lignins and anthocyanin. All the analysis were done using methanol  leaf extract of PD owing to the results obtained by ⁶. The findings of ⁶ revealed that the methanolic extract in comparison with other chemical extraction such as ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform and aqueous had better result in qualitative analysis of PD leaf extract. The results of flavonoids &  amino acids of our study found different from⁸ , these variations may be owing to the change in geographical location of species taken for analysis. The presence of  saponins, terpenoids, flavonoids and alkaloids indicates that the leaf extract contains hypoglycemic activity reported similarly in ⁶. The presence of flavonoids and phenols indirectly represents the presence of high antioxidant capacity as well. From this we could able to say that the extract taken for ZnO synthesis has good antioxidant properties and could be effectively used in various pharmacological, cosmetic and drug delivery applications.

Table 1: Qualitative analysis of phytochemicals from Pergularia daemia

S.NO	PHYTOCHEMICALS	RESULTS
1	Alkaloids	+
2	Carbohydrates	+
3	Glucose	–
4	Saponins	+
5	Protein	+
6	Amino acids	–
7	Fixed oils & fat	+
8	Phenolic compounds	+
9	Flavonoids	+
10	Terpenoids	+
11	Lignins	–
12	Anthocyanin	–

Characterization of PD mediated ZnO nanoparticles.

The chemical method of ZnO nanoparticle synthesis was done and its importance to characterize the nanoparticles to verify that the obtained samples were ZnO without any impurities. The synthesized PD mediated ZnO nanoparticle were characterized by UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD and SEM.

UV-Visible Spectral analysis

The figure 1 provided represents the UV visible spectra of ZnO from PD.  The color change from brownish green to white  suggest that the component extracted was ZnO nano particles. In the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles the initial  color (brownish green) represents the presence of plant extract or precursor material and the final color (white) represents the successful formation of ZnO nanoparticles.  The absorbance band anywhere between 300 to 550 nm represents the presence of zinc oxide nano particle reported by⁷. Similarly our results were found to be in the range of 250 nm to 550 nm indicates the presence of ZnO nano particles. The strong absorption band was found at 401.30 which has much difference from the result obtained by⁸. Though this variation doesn’t affect the conclusion, since they were within the range of ZnO synthesized and the variation could be due to different extraction techniques followed in both studies. This also suggests that from the UV visible spectra the synthesized nanoparticle possess monodispersed nature.

Figure 1: UV-Visble spectra of ZnO extracted from Pergularia daemia Click here to View Figure

FT-IR Spectroscopy

FTIR study of PD leaves based synthesized nano-particle to identify the purity and chemical makeup of the zinc oxide nano-particle. The peak found at 1631 cm^-1 corresponds to the zinc oxide Zn-O stretching and deformation vibration respectively. Similar results were found by ⁹ at 1634 Zn-O stretching from L.nobilis extract synthesized nano particle.  The peaks at 1401 cm^-1 and 1051 cm^-1 correspond to O-C-O stretching vibrations, indicating absorbed carbonate anions. These peaks indirectly suggest the presence of zinc oxide based material, aligning with similar research findings by ¹⁰.  It also represents that the other components obtained were also related to ZnO nanoparticle and there were no impurities present in the extract.

Figure 2: FTIR Fingerprint of ZnO nanoparticle from Pergularia daemia Click here to View Figure

XRD

XRD represents the crystalline nature of synthesized nano particle as well as the purity of the nanoparticle. The figure 3 represents the XRD pattern of synthesized crystalline nanoparticle and the presence of sharp peak at 30.78, 31.68 represent the spherical to the hexagonal phase of ZnO with high crystalline nature. Similar peak was observed by ¹¹ for synthesizing nano-particle of ZnO from Parthenium hysterophorous. The other peaks obtained from XRD also indicate the presence of ZnO and showed that the compound extracted were with high purity and there are no impurities from the synthesized nanoparticle. The average particle size was reported to be in range of 200-300 nm.

Figure 3: XRD image of ZnO extracted from Pergularia daemia Click here to View Figure

SEM analysis

Figure 4 SEM image of synthesized Zinc oxide nano-particle under magnification of 40.0kX at 200nm represents the shape & size of nanoparticle. The particle synthesized were agglomerated, oval shaped and are not completely separated similarly found by ¹², may be owing to the weak physical force. The particles formed in the range of nano size (100-250nm) confirms the synthesized zinc oxide were in nano scale. This also shows that the synthesis of nanoparticle from precipitate method is suitable though the achieving of uniform particle size was difficult. The size was found to be oval may be because of the seed material used that is zinc acetate.The other synthesis method has also to be compared to this study to achieve better quality end product.

Figure 4: SEM image of ZnO nanoparticle synthesized from Pergularia daemia Click here to View Figure

Anti-cancerous assay

The synthesized ZnO nanoparticle from PD was evaluated for in vitro cyto toxicity using MTT assay for MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line. The dose-related reduction in viable cells was given in table 2 for about 24 hours of treatment of MB-232 cells with varied concentration of PD zinc oxide nano particle. The IC 50 value revealed that increasing the concentration of test samples led to a decrease in the viability of MB-231 cells. This suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles are effective in reducing MDA-MB-231 cell growth, showing significant anti-proliferative activity that could be beneficial for breast cancer patients.

Table 2: Cell viability of extract using medicinal plants on MDA-MB-231 cell line by MTT assay

S.No	Tested sample concentration (μg/ml)	SAMPLE
		Cell Viability (%) R1	Cell Viability (%) R2	Cell Viability (%) R3	Average	SD
1.	Control	100	100	100	100	0
2.	50 μg/ml	70.19	73.39	75.96	73.18	2.89
3.	100 μg/ml	65.75	67.45	70.93	68.04	2.64
4.	200 μg/ml	60.65	65.27	64.78	63.57	2.54
5	300 μg/ml	50.67	45.90	55.85	50.81	4.97
6.	400 μg/ml	45.90	40.26	43.63	43.26	2.84
7.	500 μg/ml	32.83	35.16	29.71	32.57	2.73

Antioxidant activity (DPPH)

From the table 3, the antioxidant potential of ZnO synthesized were deliberates that an increase in concentration of ZnO (synthesized compared with standard) in the DPPH solution gives better result for synthesized sample than for the control. It declares that the antioxidant potential of synthesized nanoparticle found effective and could be good immune fighter.

Table 3: Antioxidant potential of ZnO synthesized from Pergularia daemia

S.NO	CONCENTRATION (µg/ml)	ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY DPPH%
		SAMPLE	STANDARD (ASCORBIC ACID)
1.	20 µg/ml	40.36	59.63
2.	40 µg/ml	51.37	63.30
3.	60 µg/ml	57.79	66.05
4.	80 µg/ml	63.30	68.80
5.	100 µg/ml	66.05	73.39
	IC50	41.83	20.17

Conclusion

Thus the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticle through the precipitation  method was successful, as evidenced by qualitative analysis and characterization. The findings show that Pergularia daemia contains potentially beneficial phytochemicals, and that oval-shaped, high-purity ZnO nanoparticles were created.

Overall, this research highlights the potential of Pergularia daemia as a valuable resource for pharmaceutical and nano-technological interventions, encouraging continued investigation into its medical properties and extraction methods.

Acknowledgment

This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Conflict of Interest

The author declare that we have no conflict of Interest.

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