Synthesis, Characterization and Bioassay of Nanocartaphydrochloride-An Ecofriendly Insecticide

Introduction

Cartaphydrochloride is a low toxicity insecticide belongs to Neristoxin.It is used as an insecticide in agricultural sector. Neurotoxin inhibit neuromuscular activity of nicotinic acetylcholine in microorganisms which results in acute respiratory failure1 In aqueous medium oxidation and degradation of cartaphydrochloride was investigated based on chemical oxygen demand2 . Field experiments of cartap hydrochloride was conducted and it has significant insecticidal activity on stem borers and leaffolders in basmati rice field3 . Biological impact of cartaphydrochloride on photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation was investigated. At lower concentrations(20ppm), photosynthetic and nitrogen fixation rate was enhanced4 . Orius insidiosus is an important predatoty bug which is used as a biological agent to control various insects. Cartaphydrochloride has toxological activity against this bug5 . Carbon mineralization and Microbial biomass content of soil was elevated by the application of cartaphydrochloride in agricultural fields6 . The environmental persistence and mammalian toxicity of cartap hydrochloride is low7 . The enzymatic activity of transminase and phosphotase in liver and muscles of fish was reduced by the consumption of cartaphydrochloride8 . Nanotechnology has an immense role in the field of agriculture. The best application of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture sector is nano formulatons. At present researchers are using two techniques namely nano capsules and nano spheres. In nano capsules researchers are following a theme known as encapsulation9 . Nanofoodtechnology has a significant growth in the past five years. Genetically modified organisms(GMO’S) right now used as nano food stuffs. In the field of nanopesticides the pesticide particles has a significant theme known as controlled sustainable release property10-11 .

Figure 1: Structure of Cartaphydrochloride Click here to View Figure

Nanotechnology has an immense role in the field of agriculture. The best application of nanotechnology in the field of agriculture sector is nano formulatons. At present researchers are using two techniques namely nano capsules and nano spheres. In nano capsules researchers are following a theme known as encapsulation. Nanofoodtechnology has a significant growth in the past five years. Genetically modified organisms(GMO’S) right now used as nano food stuffs. In the field of nanopesticides the pesticide particles has a significant theme known as controlled sustainable release property.

Materials and Methods

Reagents

Polypropylene glycol was procured from E.Merck. Double distilled water was used throughout the experimental process. CHC was liberally gifted by Raghavendra Agro, Ltd. Preparation of Nano-CHC: Commercial wettable CHC was taken in a mortar and it was grounded with pistle.0.5 grams of CHC was taken in a mixture of 200 ml of water and 200ml of polypropylene glycol. The solution  mixture was  subjected to sonication for 30 minutes.This results the  dispersion of  the CHC particles in polypropylene glycol.The solution mixture was  subjected to stirring for 7 hours at 2000 rpm.

 Instrumentation

The size distribution of nano-CHC was obtained by vasco, cordouan Dynamic light scattering technique(DLS). Bruker spectrophotometer (FT-IR) was used to identify the organic functional groups in nano cartap hydrochloride. The structural topology of nano cartaphydrochloride was obtained by using zeiss 18-evo scanning electron microscope. Nano Cartap hydrochloride morphological elucidation was obtained by jem,jeol 2100,Tokyo,Japan transmission electron microscope.

Results and Discussion

Nanopesticides in general recognized as the best and apt alternative to manage pests.

Figure 2: Action of Nanopesticide. Click here to View Figure

DLS analysis

Polypropylene glycol encapsulated CHC was obtained by Laplace pade dispersion. One milli litre of Nano-CHC was suspended in 5ml of water. The resultant hydro dispersed suspension was analyzed with DLS at 25-400 c. The formation of nanopesticide and size ranges in between 60-67 nanometers. (shown in figures3)

Figure 3: Size distribution of polymer encapsulated and commercial CHC Click here to View Figure

FT-IR Analysis

The functional group analysis of nano-CHC can be obtained by FT-IR spectroscopy. The interferograms produced by interferometer of various repeated scans with respective finger print region will depict us about the functional group analysis. The FT-IR spectra of polypropylene encapsulated Nano-CHC is shown in figure 4. FT-IR Spectra will depicts us that the chemical structure of the compound was not changed. The N-H stretching, C-H stretching and bending, N-O symmetric stretch, C-N stretching ,C-S peak and various functional peaks in the finger print region in the FT–IR spectra will reveal the fact that the chemical structure of the compound was not changed.

Figure 4: FT-IR spectra of Nano-CHC. Click here to View Figure

Electron Microscope Analysis

SEM analysis

The SEM image of Nano-CHC shows that the agglomerations of particles are much less in this method of preparation. The scanning electron microscope image was obtained at 20 micrometer zoom and electron beam of 15 kv energy was used.

Transmission Electron Microscope(TEM)

The morphological internal structural elucidation of nano-CHC can be obtained by transmission electron microscope analysis. Field-emission gun was used to produce an electron beam.  TEM measurement was prepared by deposition of nano-CHC on a carbon coated copper grid .The electron microscope images were shown in figure 5and 6.

Figure 5: SEM image of Nano-CHC(PPG encapsulated) Click here to View Figure

Figure 6: TEM image of Nano-CHC(PPG encapsulated) Click here to View Figure

Antifungal Activity

Fungi used in the Bioaasay activity are Aspergillue flavus, Sclerotium rolfsii and Rhizoctonia solani.The bio assay of Nano-CHC as shown in figures was obtained by using disc diffusion technique. In the investigation throughout de ionized water control was prepared.Fungal isolates were cultured on the potato dextrose agar plates.The potato dextrose agar plates were incubated at 37°c for 10 days which induce conidia.Sample was prepared at 5,10 and 15 ppm(100-folf diluted with de-ionized water) into which filter paper discs were inserted, inoculated on to the petridishes and incubated at 37°C for 2-4 days.The diameter of zone formed will depict the bio assay of nano cartaphydrochloride. Nano-CHC illustrates superior antifungal observations when compared with commercial CHC which can be clearly depicted in the figures7&8.

Figure 7: Nano-CHC and commercial CHC inhibitory zones Click here to View Figure

Figure 8: A: Growth of  Rhizoctonia solani in our lab cultures without the application of CHC Click here to View Figure

Conclusion

The preparation and characterization of Nano-CHC  was carried out for eradication of plant diseases. Nano-CHC encapsulated particles were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The bioactivity study was conducted against aspergillus flavus, sclerotium rolfsii andRhizoctonia solani . Nano-CHC illustrates superior antifungal results when compared with commercial CHC and hence it is concluded that nanopesticde is better over the conventional pesticide.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful to the management, faculty of chemistry, GITAM University for their support and encouragement given to us.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that no conflict of interests

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