To Facile the Study of Structural, Morphology Properties of Novel Synthesised Nano Particle of Indium Doped Ni-Co ferrite.

Introduction

Nanocrystalline spinel ferrites having general compound equation MFe₂O₄ (where, M is divalent particle from the 3d series like Ni, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Co) are extremely fascinating attractive materials. ^1,2. Spinel ferrites are widely concentrated because of the wild scope of utilizations like inductors, transformers, high-recurrence gadgets, microwave gadgets, multi-facet chip inductors, information stockpiling, and telecom ^3-9. The spinel ferrite is sorted into three distinct sorts Normal spinel, inverse spinel, and random spinel. The inverse spinel is intriguing because of its magneto crystalline like and high saturation magnetization.¹⁰ Ni-CO ferrite ^11,12. Cobalt-Nickel ferrite shows the inverse spinel structure in which Fe⁺³ and Co²⁺ particles live at both octahedral and tetrahedral destinations while Ni²⁺ particles live just at the octahedral site. ^3,13-14. Cobalt and nickel, the two ferrites, have a place with the classification of inverse spinel ferrites. Fe³⁺ particles supplanted by In³⁺ particles change the grid boundary changed. Because of the relatively larger ionic span of In³⁺ particles (0.8 Å) concerning 3d progress metal particles, indium particles catch octahedral voids and furthermore make create lattice distortions. ^15-17 a few analysts have given an account of nonmagnetic In³⁺ particles doped ferrite like Co ^18,19, Cu ^20-21 Ni ²² Ni-Zn ²³ Ni-Co ²⁴ Ni-Cu [10] Ni-Cu-Zn ²⁵. Chandra. et.al ²⁶, Concentrated on the Ni_0.5Co₀.₅Fe₂O₄ arranged utilizing two unique techniques and its attractive conduct of nanoparticles. K. M. Srinivasa Murthy et.al, ²⁷, concentrated on the Union of Ce³⁺ doped Co-Ni ferrites and study the primary, microstructural, and dielectric properties of auto applications. R M Rosnan. et.al [28] were researched the expansion of Mg replacement Co_0.5Ni_0.5-xMg_xFe₂O₄ nanoparticle its practices change in underlying and attractive properties of ferrites. M. Junaid, et al. ¹⁰, considered, Effect of indium replacement Cu_0.5Ni₀.₅Fe₂–_XO₄ and improves the dielectric and attractive properties of ferrite. Samrat Mukherjee et.al ²⁴ considered the In³⁺ particle doping on Ni-Co ferrite. The present work considers, Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO₄.    (x=0.0,0.10,0.075,0.050,0.025) ferrite nanoparticles have been arranged by the sol-gel method. The effect of In³⁺ substitute at the structural and Morphology houses of Nickel-Cobalt ferrite has been examined and pointed out exhaustively.

Experimental

Nanocrystalline powder with a synthetic samples Ni₀.₅Co₀.₅Fe₂-xInxO₄ (x=0.0 to 0.025) ferrites were ready using chemical solution deposition method. ²⁴. The Analytical grade reagent was utilized for the blend, for example, Co, Ni, Fe and In nitrate, along with citrus extract (C₆H₈O₇.H₂O). The stoichiometric extent of metal nitrate disintegrated in deionized refined water. The molar proportion of 1:3 keeps up with by the expansion of citrus extract arrangement. The pH scale of the subsequent frame-up was modified up to 7, pH by putting liquid alkali, then, at that position the attenuated frame work was heated on the warm plate constantly ageing at 90⁰C, at last because of auto flaming, brown-hugged detritus was gotten. Pre-arranged examples were sintered at 600⁰C for 4 h. The sintering not really settled from TGA/DTA. The power dispersive research of X-beam (EDAX) become carried out to recognize the normal measure of factor and stoichiometry gift in the piece. The X-beam diffraction (XRD) examples of assessments had been recorded at room temperature by means of using Cu–Kα radiation at the Rikagu Miniflag X-beam diffractometer. X-beam diffraction facts had been recorded within the 2θ scope of 20–70° with an inspecting pace of two°/min. Infrared spectroscopy (IR) estimation changed into finished inside the scope of 800–200 cm^-1 on a Perkin Elmer infrared Spectrophotometer. The morphological review became finished by using Filtering SEM and became recorded utilizing EDAX Oxford EDAX JEOL–JSM–5600N.

Scheme 1 Click here to View scheme

Result And Discussion

TGA/DTA

Fig. 1. indicates regular (x=0.05) outline of TGA and DSC estimations of arranged powder. TGA and DTA spectra of arranged powder in the whole temperature range 0–1000°C in presence of air. TGA bend indicate mass loss of arranged example because of crumbling of oxides and nitrates.  Weight reduction happened in four progressive stages TGA bend it very well may be seen fig. 1. The top at 103 °C was credited by vanishing of assimilated water and the subsequent pinnacle showed up at 144 °C ascribed to citrus extract and inorganic mixtures. ²⁰. The sharp abatement in weight reduction top underneath the 330oc is because of metal hydroxides changed over to metal oxide. ²⁹ The gem immaculateness and the warm soundness at temperature 500 to 550^oC.  Endothermic top in DTA bend at 450^oC might sign the development of solidification at spinel stage ^25-30. The last calcination temperature is chosen as 600 °C for 4 hrs of the ferrite being scrutinized.

Figure 1: The expected curve of TGA/DTA of specimen x = 0.05. Click here to View figure

XRD

The XRD specimen of toughened Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO₄ (x=0.0,0.10,0.075,0.050,0.025) are displayed in Figure 2. XRD pinnacle estimated with Bragg’s shows from (440), (511), (422), (400), (311), and (220) planes relate to the classic construction. The acquired x-beam design was filed of all the Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO₄ tests which are affirmed the development of a homogenous single stage with cubic spinel structure. (JCPDS NO. 01-088-0380) ²⁸. The orchestrated specimen is of FCC construction with space bundle Fd³m. The cubic stage gives information of bigger ionic radii of In (III) particle (0.80 Å) contrasted with the Fe³⁺ particles (0.645 Å).³¹. The high centralization of indium might twist the gem cross section and creates extra stage on grain limits. This may be because of the supplanting of more modest particles with bigger particles ²⁰. The cross-section boundary “a” was determined from the accompanying recipe.

Figure 2: XRD patterns of Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2-xInxO4 . (x=0.0,0.10,0.075,0.050,0.025). Click here to View figure

The ‘a’ was dictated by the connection ³¹:

Where, (h, k, l, and a) are Mill operator lists along with d is interplanar separating and steady cross section (a). Estimated upsides of the lattice steady are summarized up. It is observed that the ‘a’ continuous up rise from 8. 345 Å to 8.378 Å with In³⁺ fixation x. The increments of cross section consistent are arranged in Table 1. The enlargement in cross section consistent are as a result of the variation in ionic radii, the more unpresuming ionic radii of Fe³⁺ (0.645 Å) are supplanted by bigger In³⁺ particle (0.8 Å).[24]. The X-beam thickness (dx) of the specimen was explained by condition ³¹;

Where, M, N, a^3- are sub-atomic weight of the relating rearrangement, Avogadro’s number, volume of unit cell respectively. Upsides of ‘dx’ bring out in Table 1. It is observed that x-beam densities uprise from 5.292 to 5.791 gcm⁻³ with In³⁺ fixation x, this might be on the base that In³⁺ has more noteworthy nuclear mass m (114 amu) supplant maximal unpresuming Fe³⁺ (55.84amu), and its blowoff enlargements in nuclear load with In³⁺ constituents.²⁴.

Table 1: Lattice s constant (‘a’),, x-ray density(dx), bulk density(d_B), Percentage Porosity(P), Particle size(D_XRD), Hopping lengths(L_A and L_B)  in Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO₄ Composition

Comp.x	a(obs.) (Å)	Dx (Å)	dB (g/cm3)	P (%)	DXRD              (nm)	LA (Å)	LB(Å)
0.0	8.347	5.3853	3.0231	43.8636	13.132	3.622	2.957
0.025	8.359	5.4105	3.1126	42.4709	13.481	3.626	2.960
0.05	8.365	5.4244	3.1373	42.1633	12.273	3.635	2.968
0.075	8.369	5.4875	3.1914	41.8422	11.077	3.644	2.975
0.01	8.378	5.5179	3.2907	40.3627	10.383	3.646	2.977

 

The particle size ‘t-XRD’ of the specimen was estimated utilizing significant pinnacle (311) by Scherrer equation ³¹:

Where, q , B, λ are Bragg point, full width at half greatest, frequency of radiation respectively.  Increment of crystal size are arranged in Table 1.  increment of Crystal size of the specimen refusd with enlarging the In³⁺ particle content , breadth of nanocrystals was decreased for higher In³⁺ particle rate in Ni-Co nano ferrites. Because of the enormous sweep of In³⁺ (0.8 Å) particles concerning change metal particles, indium particles catch the octahedral voids and furthermore forestalled precious stone development during arrangement. ³² The weight broadness enlarged from 3.023 – 3.291 (x = 0.0 -0.1) along expansion in In³⁺ replacement. The potential justification for expanding densities is the presentation of In³⁺. The P% of the novel ferrite detect by using the equation ³¹

Where, dx  is X-ray density and dB is bulk density .Percentage porosity (P% ) decreased  43.863 -40.362 % , a boom in In³⁺ content material. The values of the percentage porosity.

The hopping distance at A and B-sites( (L_A) and  (L_B)) were calculated by following equation;

Hopping lengths (L_A, L_B) the gap between the ions inside the tetrahedral (A) site and octahedral [B] site can be calculated using the relation mentioned someplace else ²². The values of expected length are given in Table-1. This shows that the expecting period improved with growing In³⁺ ion awareness.  The allied parameters along with tetrahedral and octahedral bond length (dAx and dBx), tetrahedral aspect, shared and unshared octahedral edge (d_AXE, d_BXE and d_BXEU) were calculated using experiment value ‘a’, ‘u’ (zero.375 Å) of lattice constant and oxygen positional parameter respectively by substituting in following equation:

The versions of allied parameters with In³⁺ awareness in Ni-CO ferrite is proven in Table.2. The allied parameters are associated with the radii of In³⁺ and Fe^3+. The allied parameters are improved with the composition of In³⁺ in Ni-CO ferrite. This boom in aspect lengths arises because of the dopants in doping Incomes and also because of cation distribution inside prepared compositions.

Table 2: x, d_AX, d_BX, d_AXE, d_BXE and d_BXEU of Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO_{4 .}(x =0.000, 0.100, 0.075, 0.050, 0.025,) Consider, Composition, Tetrahedral bond, Octahedral bond, tetra area, octahedral facet, unshared octahedral area respectively.

Comp. x	dAX Å	dBX Å	dAXE  Å	dBXE Å	dBXEu  Å
0.0	1.8940	2.0379	3.0928	2.8095	2.9528
0.025	1.8967	2.0408	3.0972	2.8135	2.9571
0.05	1.8981	2.0423	3.0994	2.8155	2.9592
0.075	1.8990	2.0433	3.1009	2.8169	2.9606
0.1	1.9010	2.0455	3.1042	2.8199	2.9638

 

Cation Distribution

Cation distributions were decided by studying the x-ray diffraction styles’ intensity. The determined intensity ratio changed into compared to the calculated depth ratio on this way. Method of Bertaut ²³. Table No.3 suggests the cation distribution of the 600oc samples. The findings display that Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, and In³⁺ cations opt to occupy the octahedral positions. The tetrahedral positions are occupied via Fe³⁺ ions[A]. ²⁴ The ionic radius for both tetrahedral and octahedral is (rA and rB) and coordinated sites obeying best cationic distribution had been computed using the following relationships ^{22, 24}. Both rA and rB are suggested to remain consistent whereas rB increases with a growth.      

Where, RO denotes the radius of oxygen (RO = 1.32), rB and rA denote the radii of the octahedral [B] and tetrahedral (A) sites, respectively. Table.3 summarizes the values of ‘a^th,‘ and it is able to be proven that the theoretical lattice regular will increase as the quantity of In³⁺ substitution increases. ²⁴. This follows the equal pattern as the experimentally measured lattice parameter (a). The perfect lattice steady (a^th) values had been barely higher than the experimental (a) values, which may be attributed to the atomic image’s center premise that atoms are difficult spheres dependent in a positive sample. [33.] Using the radius of the oxygen ion RO= 1.32 V, the oxygen positional parameter ‘u’ was calculated. ³¹

Table 3. indicates the values of positional oxygen parameters, and this discovered when Ni-C_O ferrite is substituted with In³⁺, the value of ‘u’ drops. The metallic ions in spinel oxide are lesser than the O₂^– ions. This result shows that the created spinel lattice differed from the genuine spinel lattice by a small amount. ²⁴.

Table 3: x, (ʋ₁ and ʋ₂), (rA and rB), (a^th), (u) consider as Composition, band role, Cation distribution, Theoretical lattice steady, Oxygen parameter respectively, of  Cu_0.5Zn_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO_4. (x =0.000, 0.100, 0.075, 0.050, 0.025).

Comp. X	Cation Distribution		Band Position		Mean ionic radii		ath (Å)	u (Å)
	(A) Site	[B] site	ʋ1 cm-1	ʋ2 cm-1	rA(Å)	rB (Å)
0.0	(Fe3+1)	[Ni2+0.5Co2+0.5 Fe3+1]	576.4	354.19	0.670	0.693	8.430	0.3863
0.025	(Fe3+1)	[Ni2+0.5Co2+0.5 Fe3+0.975 In3+0.025]	580.36	358.6	0.670	0.694	8.435	0.3862
0.050	(Fe3+1)	[[Ni2+0.5Co2+0.5 Fe3+0.950 In3+0.05]	585.64	369.2	0.670	0.696	8.439	0.3861
0.075	(Fe3+1)	[[Ni2+0.5Co2+0.5 Fe3+0.925 In3+0.075]	589.6	395.51	0.670	0.697	8.443	0.3861
0.1	(Fe3+1)	[Ni2+0.5Co2+0.5 Fe3+0.900 In3+0.1]	583.21	398.64	0.670	0.699	8.448	0.3860

 

FT-IR

FT-IR conveyance spectra of as-gotten ferrite nanoparticles predicted as recurrence scope of 200-800 cm^-1 are displayed in Fig. 3. The FT-IR spectra additionally provide facts approximately the scenario of cations inside the gem. ³⁴. FT-IR spectra display two full-size agencies at 576-583.21 and 354.19-398. 64 cm^-1 that are the trademark band of spinel ferrite. The band 576-583.21 (ν₁) cm^-1 is identified with the extending vibration of the tetrahedral steel-oxygen bond and 354.19-398.64 cm^-1 (ν₂) is relating to the octahedral metal-oxygen bond ^24,28,34. It has to be noticed that the pressure of the retention top increments whilst the In³⁺ particles relocated the spinel structure. The outcome may be clarified via the way that the In³⁺ particles may supplant a portion of the Fe³⁺ debris in tetrahedral locations and octahedral locales reinforcing the Fe-O extending vibration. ^20,25,28.

Figure 3: IR spectrum of Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2-xInxO4. (x=0.0,0.10,0.075,0.050,0.025). Click here to View figure

SEM and EDAX

The morphological investigation of the pre-arranged examples was dictated by utilizing the Checking electron microscopy (SEM) strategy. The run of the mill SEM pictures is displayed in fig. from fig. 4. The SEM pictures display that the grains have homogenous dispersion and grains are agglomerated. The agglomerate of ferrite powder framed as a result of the warmness effect; this shows the already arranged specimens are the profoundly responsive and uniform dissemination of grains affirming the translucent design of In³⁺ doped Ni-Co ferrite. ²⁴ The pre-arranged samples’ agglomeration is additionally because of the attractive communication between the particles. ^20,24-25.

Figure 4: Typical SEM x= 0.0,0.05,0.1 for a, b, c respectively of Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2-xInxO4. Click here to View figure

The basic organization and their extent were induced by Energy dispersive investigation for In-substituted Ni-Co ferrite tests. EDAX spectra of run of the mill tests of the In-subbed Ni-Co ferrite is displayed in Fig.5. The presence of pinnacles of the component Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, In³⁺, Fe³⁺, O^2-and In³⁺ in EDAX spectra are the affirmation of the development of In-subbed Ni-Co ferrite. The EDAX data obtained from the focal point of In³⁺ subbed ferrite particle of Ni-Co particles showed the existence of a huge grouping of Ni into the power range of 0.8keV, 7.6keV, and 8.2keV, Co in between,0.4keV, 7.2keV, and 7.6keV and Indium was seen somewhere in the range of 2.8keV,3.2keV, and 4.2keV, while Iron was found in between the power range of 0.7 to 6.8 keV.

Figure 5: EDS pattern is x=0.025, x= 0.075 for a,b respectively , of Ni0.5Co0.5Fe2-xInxO4 nanoparticles . Click here to View figure

Conclusion

Ni_0.5Co_0.5Fe_2-xIn_xO_4. nanocrystalline ferrite Arranged by Sol-gel Strategy. The XRD designs uncovered the development of a cubic spinel structure. TGA examination used to the toughening temperature for arranged powder was assessed. One exothermic pinnacle was seen from DSC investigation. X-beam diffraction examples of the relative multitude of tests had a solitary stage spinel structure. The grid Steady and x-beam thickness builds the normal glasslike size diminished determined from XRD information. The bigger size In³⁺ particles forestall the gem development because of a diminishing in crystallite size with expanding In³⁺ content. The cation dissemination of the In³⁺ particles was entered to octahedral sites[B] and with an increment of Indium rate in Ni-Co nano ferrites. IR spectra affirmed the arrangement of Spinel structure and gave data about the dispersion of particles between the two locales, tetrahedral (A-site) at 576-583.21cm⁻¹ and octahedral (B-site) at 354.19-398. 64 cm⁻¹.The Morphology of the pre-arranged examples was examined by SEM. The normal not set in stone from SEM pictures shows nanometer measurement.

Acknowledgement

All the authors are gratitude towards to the department of chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada university also thankful to all the faculty member of ACS College Ojhar Mig.

Conflicts of interest

Present study does not have any area of interest.

Funding Sources

There is no funding Source.

References

1. Goldman, A.; Modern Ferrite Technology, Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1993.
2. Gyergyek, S.; Makovec, D.; Kodre, A.; Arčon , I.; Jagodic , M.; Drofenik , M.; Influence of synthesis method on structural and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2010 ;12 ( 4):1263-73.
   CrossRef
3. Smit, J.;  Wijin,  H.P.J,; Ferrites Philips Technical Library. Eindhoven; 1959.
4. Atif, M.; Nadeem, M.; Grössinger R, Turtelli RS. Studies on the magnetic, magneto strictive and electrical properties of sol-gel synthesized Zn doped nickel ferrite. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2011;509 ( 18):5720-4.
   CrossRef
5. Gyergyek , S.; Makovec , D.; Kodre , A.; Arčon, I.; Jagodič , M.; Drofenik , M.; Influence of synthesis method on structural and magnetic properties of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Nanoparticle Research. 2010 ;12 ( 4):1263-73.
   CrossRef
6. Jie , S.; Lixi, W.; Naicen , X.; Zhang, Q.; Microwave electromagnetic and absorbing properties of Dy³⁺ doped Mn -Zn ferrites. Journal of Rare Earths. 2010;28 ( 3):451-5.
   CrossRef
7. Peng, J.; Hojamberdiev , M.; Xu, Y.; Cao, B.; Wang , J.; Wu, H.; Hydrothermal synthesis and magnetic properties of gadolinium-doped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2011;323 (1):133-7.
   CrossRef
8. Niu, Z.P.; Wang, Y.; Li, F.S.; Magnetic properties of nanocrystalline Co–Ni ferrite. Journal of materials science. 2006;41 (17):5726-30.
   CrossRef
9. Almessiere , M.A.; Ünal, B.; Slimani , Y.; Korkmaz , A.D.; Baykal, A.; Ercan, I.; Electrical properties of La³⁺ and Y³⁺ ions substituted Ni_{0. 3}Cu_{0. 3}Zn_{0. 4}Fe₂O₄ nanospinel ferrites. Results in Physics. 2019; 15:102755.
   CrossRef
10. Junaid, M.; Khan, M.A.; Akhtar, M.N.; Hussain, A.; Warsi, M.F.; Impact of indium substitution on dielectric and magnetic properties of Cu_0.5Ni_0.5Fe_2-xO₄ferrite materials. Ceramics International. 2019;45 (10):13431-37.
    CrossRef
11. Ghosh, M.P.; Kumar, P.; Kar, M.; Mukherjee, S.; Impact of In³⁺ ion substitution on microstructural, magnetic and dielectric responses of nickel–cobalt spinel ferrite nanocrystals. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2020;31(20):17762-72.
    CrossRef
12. Lassoued, A.; Li, J.F.; Magnetic and photocatalytic properties of Ni–Co ferrites. Solid State Sciences. 2020; 104:106199.
    CrossRef
13. Mohan, R.; Ghosh, M.P.; Mukherjee, S.; Size dependent exchange bias in single-phase Zn_{0. 3}Ni_{0. 7}Fe₂O₄ ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2018; 458:193-9.
    CrossRef
14. Zhao, L.; Yang, H.; Yu, L.; Cui, Y.; Zhao, X.; Feng, S.; Magnetic properties of Re-substituted Ni–Mn ferrite nano crystallites. Journal of materials science. 2007;42 (2):686-91.
    CrossRef
15. Shirsath, S.E.; Toksha, B.G.; Jadhav, K.M.; Structural and magnetic properties of In³⁺ substituted NiFe2O4. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2009;117 ( 1):163-8.
    CrossRef
16. Coey, J.M.; Magnetism and magnetic materials. Cambridge university press; 2010.
17. Aggarwal, A.; Thakur, G.S.; Techniques of performance appraisal-a review. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT). 2013;2 (3):617-21.
18. Nongjai, R.; Khan, S.; Asokan, K.; Ahmed, H.; Khan, I.; Magnetic and electrical properties of In doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Journal of Applied Physics. 2012;112 (8):084321.
    CrossRef
19. Gerardin, R.; Alebouyeh , A.; Brice, JF.; Evrard, O.; Sanchez, J.P.; Distribution cation que dans les ferrites d’indium de type spinelle InMFeO4 (M= Ni, Mn, Co, Mg). Journal of Solid-State Chemistry. 1988;76 (2):398-406.
    CrossRef
20. Junaid, M.; Khan, M.A.; Abubshait, S.A.; Akhtar, M.N.; Kattan, N.A.; Laref, A.; Javed, H.M.; Structural, spectral, dielectric and magnetic properties of indium substituted copper spinel ferrites synthesized via sol gel technique. Ceramics International. 2020;46 (17):27410-8.
    CrossRef
21. Manikandan, V.; Singh, M.; Yadav, B.C.; Vigneselvan, S.; Room-temperature gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline-structured indium-substituted copper ferrite thin film. Journal of Electronic Materials. 2018;47 (11):6366-72.
    CrossRef
22. Thakur, S.; Katyal, S.C.; Gupta, A.; Reddy, V.R.; Singh, M.; Room temperature ferromagnetic ordering in indium substituted nano-nickel-zinc ferrite. Journal of Applied Physics. 2009;105 (7):07A521.
    CrossRef
23. Zhu, J.F.; Chen, M.N.; Ke, S.D.; Feng, S.J.; Magnetic properties of indium doped Ni_{0. 4}Zn_{0. 6}In_xFe_{2− x}O₄. Materials Research Express. 2019;6 (11):116127.
    CrossRef
24. Ghosh, M.P.; Kumar, P.; Kar, M.; Mukherjee, S.; Impact of In³⁺ ion substitution on microstructural, magnetic and dielectric responses of nickel–cobalt spinel ferrite nanocrystals. Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics. 2020 ;31 (20):17762-72.
    CrossRef
25. Hashim, M.; Shirsath, S.E.; Kumar, S.; Kumar, R.; Roy, A.S.; Shah, J.; Kotnala, R.K.; Preparation and characterization chemistry of nano-crystalline Ni–Cu–Zn ferrite. Journal of alloys and compounds. 2013; 549:348-57.
    CrossRef
26. Choudhary, B.L.; Kumar, U.; Kumar, S.; Chander, S.; Kumar, S.; Dalela, S.; Dolia, S.N.; Alvi , P.A.; Irreversible magnetic behaviour with temperature variation of Ni_{0. 5}Co_{0. 5}Fe₂O₄ nanoparticles. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2020; 507:166861.
    CrossRef
27. Srinivasa, Murthy, K.M.; Angadi, V.J.; Kumar, P.M.; Nagaraj, B.S.; Deepthi, P.R.; Pasha, UM.; Rudra, swamy, B.; Synthesis and study of structural, microstructural and dielectric properties of Ce³⁺ doped Co-Ni ferrites for automotive applications. In AIP Conference Proceedings AIP Publishing LLC 2018; 1953 (1):030277.
    CrossRef
28. Rosnan , R.M.; Othaman, Z.; Hussin , R.; Ati, A.A.; Samavati, A.; Dabagh, S.; Zare, S.; Effects of Mg substitution on the structural and magnetic properties of Co_{0. 5}Ni_{0. 5− x} Mg _x Fe₂O₄ nanoparticle ferrites. Chinese Physics B. 2016;25 (4):047501.
    CrossRef
29. Garcia-Cerda, L.A.; Rodrıguez-Fernández, O.S.; Reséndiz-Hernández, P.J.; Study of Sr-Fe synthesized by the sol–gel method. Journal of alloys and compounds. 2004;369(12):182-4.
    CrossRef
30. De, Vidales, J.M.; López-Delgado, A.; Vila, E.; Lopez, F.A.; The effect of the starting solution on the physico-chemical properties of zinc ferrite synthesized at low temperature. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 1999;287 (1):276-83.
    CrossRef
31. Cullity, B.D.; Elements of X-ray Diffraction. Addison-Wesley Publishing; 1956.
32. Shannon, R.D.; Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta crystallo graphical section A: crystal physics, diffraction, theoretical and general crystallography. 1976;32(5):751-67.
    CrossRef
33. Lakhani, V.K.; Pathak, T.K.; Vasoya, N.H.; Modi, K.B.; Structural parameters and X-ray Debye temperature determination study on copper-ferrite-aluminates. Solid State Sciences. 2011;13 (3):539-47.
    CrossRef
34. Waldron RD; Infrared spectra of ferrites. Physical review. 1955 Sep 15;99(6):1727.
    CrossRef

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.