Synthesis of Nano-Silica Particles from Oryza Sativa Husk

Introduction

Recent technology involves waste consumption and cost decline in industrial handing out by using rice husk as a supply substance is created due to fast increase in population and industrialization [1]. More than half of  the world’s population rice is a tack food . By 2013 data around 715 million tons  of rice produced  per annum in the world [2]. Rice husk is an   agricultural byproduct, which is richly obtainable in rice producing countries. Rice husk has a high ash varying from 18-20%. Silica is the key component of rice husk ash varying from 85-95% [3]. Rice husk (RH) is generated during the rice production which makes it an agriculture waste. Due to its high volume it creates a management problem being the most common solutions landfilling or incineration in an open field [4].

Hemicelluloses, lignin, cellulose and ash are the main constituents in rice husk [5]. RHA chemically has a high concentration  carbon (37wt%), and presents H( 8.80wt%), N (11.06wt%), Si (9.01wt%) and O (33.03wt%). This values can vary according with location, atmospheric conditions and fertilizers used [6]- [10]. Silica  is produced upon burning RH and subsequently cellulose and lignin are removed. 40 kg of ash generates in every ton of rice [11]. Two million tons of clean high ranking silica can be produced using rice husk as the raw material to meet the high demand of various industries utilizing it [12]. With the ignition of rice husk obtains rice husk ash which has high silica content,  87-97% [13], [9], [14], 92-97% [15], with an amorphous structure.The silica in the ash undergoes structural changes depending on the temperature, at 550–800⁰C amorphous silica is formed and at greater temperatures, crystalline silica is formed. RHA  modified material is incomparable interms of potency and stability concert [16-18]. Amorphous silica, will form when RH ash burning below temperature 700⁰C. Na, Fe, Ca , K,etc are several metallic impurities produced by rice husk ash, that can decrease rice husk silica purity and surface area [19]. Eliminating these  metallic impurities is required to obtain high purity silica by hydrochloric or sulfuric acid leaching of rice husk followed by controlling combustion[20]. RH is used as fuel in the production of energy [1] and it’s ash in the cement industry due to is pozzolanic properties, as a filler in polymers and rubbers[21], ceramic industry [22]   ash as an adsorbent of heavy metals [23]. Silica is a bioactive element concerned as having fungicidal properties[24]. Polymer/Silica nanocomposites exhibit markedly an improved properties when compared to their traditional composites due to their nano sizes inorganic filler [25]. A simple method based on alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation to produce pure silica.

Experimental Methods

Materials: sodium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid, buffer solution  was used. All of them were supplied by Sigma Aldrich as well.

Rice Husk

Rice husk is one of the main agricultural by products of rice processing, which is brown in colour. Rice husk forms a hard protective layer around the grains of rice, and these husks are formed from the hard materials such as opaline silica and lignin to protect the seed during the growing period. The rice husk samples obtained from the local rice producers were used as silica source for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles using chemical methods. Husk of the local samba paddy variety alone was used.

Rice Husk Ash Preparation (Chemical Treatment)

The rice husk samples procured from the suppliers were washed with water and dried for

nearly 20 hours to ensure that the rice husk is devoid of soil, dust, and rice grains particles.Then, the cleaned rice husks are burned for 2 hours at 600^oCand left to cool down for 10 hours. Finally, these ashes were crushed into finely ground powder.

Synthesis of Pure Silica from Rice Husk Ash

A sample of 10 g rice husk ash was stirred in  2.5 M NaOH solution. The solution was heated in a covered beaker for 4h by stirring constantly and allowed to settle down for a day and the solution was filtered. Dil.hydrochloric acid was added to the filtrate under constant stirring at controlled conditions until it reached pH  and then buffer solution was added up to pH 8.5 for ascertaining purity and allowed to stand at room temperature for 3h. The  precipitate was washed for several times with deionised water, and dried  in hot air oven at 100^oC for 16 hours to obtain pure silica.

Testing of Rice Husk Ash

Chemical reaction for the Silica precipitation includes,

Flow diagram for the process of Silica Preparation:

Figure 1: Photograph of silica nanoparticles formation Click here to View Figure

Result and Discussion

Silica obtained from rice husk was subjected to the following analyses to ensure the quantity of the product obtained.

FT-IR Analysis

The FT-IR spectra of silica nanoparticles obtained in the range 400-4000cm^-1. The FT-IR data were recorded by the Shimadzu European Model.

In FT-IR  spectrum the strong broad IR band is around 3447.00cm^-1 is obtained due to the stretching vibration of O-H bonds due to silanol hydroxyl groups and absorbed water (H-O-H) molecule.The IR peak at 1638.13cm^-1 is associated with bending vibration of water molecules trapped in silica matrix.

Figure 2: FT-IR spectrum of silica nano particles Click here to View Figure

The structural siloxane band at 1099.47cm^-1 is associated with Si-O-Si asymmetric stretching vibration.The bending vibration at 959.41cm^-1 was attributed to Si-OH silanol groups.The absorption bands at 801.59cm-1 is due to Si-O symmetric stretching vibration. The IR band at 468.46cm^-1 is due to Si-O-Si bending vibration.

X-Ray Diffraction Pattern

X-ray diffraction is a versatile, non-destructive technique used for identifying the crystalline phases present in the solid materials and powders and for analyzing structural properties of the phases.

Figure 3: XRD pattern of silica nanoparticles Click here to View Figure

Shape of silica nanoparticles was definite by XRD analysis as shown in fig 2.  X-ray  diffraction pattern for rice husk ash below 600⁰C  for 2 hours shows broad peak. The major peak was observed at 2θ=22⁰.  The broad peaks deep-rooted  amorphous nature of  nanosilica.

Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)

SEM is a type of electron microscope that produces image of a sample by scanning the surface with a focused beam of electrons.SEM images of silica nanoparticles shown in fig:3. SEM  images showed the absorption of spherical shaped silica nanoparticles and conclude  that silica is amorphous in nature.

Figure 4: SEM image of silica nanoparticles Click here to View Figure

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy(EDX)

The EDX technique detects X-ray emitted from the sample during bombardment by an electron beam to characterize the elemental composition of the analysed volume.

Figure 5:  EDX image of silica nanoparticles Click here to View Figure

EDX definite the pattern of silica nanoparticles shown in fig:4. Silica and oxygen are the main constituent elements  of the silica nanoparticles.

ELEMENT	WEIGHT PERCENTAGE	ATOMIC PERCENTAGE
Si	37.99	25.87
O	62.01	74.13

Elemental analysis shows the atomic and weight percentage of silica nanoparticles.The weight percentage of silica is 37.99 and oxygen is 62.01.The atomic weight percentage of silica is 25.87 and oxygen is 74.13.

Conclusion

The present study originate that rice husk was a valuable by-product.The silica obtained from rice husk ash is amorphous in nature.Waste product of rice husk was non-hazardous, economical , low cost  eco friendly and help in reducing disposal problem.By using simple precipitation method recover 95%  of silica from rice hush ash.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that this is no Conflict of interest financially or otherwise

Acknowledgement

I thank STIC India, Cochin University, Kerala.

References

1. Kumar, S.; Sangwan, P.; Mor,R.; Dhankhar, V.; Bidra, S. J. Chem. Environ. Sci., 2013, 1, 126-129.
2. Muthayya, S.; Sugimoto, J.D.; Montgomery, S.; Maberly, G.F. N. Y. Acad. Sci., 2014, 1324, 7–14.
3. Mehta, A.; Ugwekar, P. Int. J.  Eng. Res.  Appl., 2015, 5, 43-48.
4. Gu, S.; Zhou, J.; Yu, C.;  Luo, Z.;  Wang, Q.; Shi, Z. Crops Prod., 2015, 65, 1–6.
5. Carmona,V.B.; Oliveira, R.M.; Silva, W.T.L.; Mattoso, L.H.C.; Marconcini, J.M. Ind Crops Prod. 2013, 43, 291–296.
6. Chandrasekhar, S.; Pramada, P.N.; and Praveen, L. Mater. Sci.,  2005, 40, 6535–6544.
7. Xiong, L.; Saito,K.; Sekiya, E.H.; Sujaridworakun,P.; Wada, S. Met. Mater. Miner., 2009, 19, 73–77.
8. Sarangi, M.; Bhattacharyya, S.; Behera, R.C. Phase Transitions., 2009 ,82, 377–386.
9. Kurama, H. Min. Congr. Exhib. Turkey., 2003, 18, 431–436.
10. Zerbino, R.; Giaccio, G.; Isaia, G.C .   Build Mater., 2011, 25, 371-378.
11. Todkar, B.S., Deshmukh, S.M., Deorukhka, O.A. Int .J .Eng Res. Development., 2016, 12, 69-74.
12. Chandrasekhar, S.; Pramada, P.N.; Praveen,L.  Mater. Sci., 2005, 40,  6535–6544.
13. Yalçin, N.; and Sevinç, V.; Int., 2001, 27,  219–224.
14. Shinohara, Y.; and Kohyama, N. Health., 2004, 42,  277–285.
15. Shen, J.; Liu, X.;  Zhu, S.;  Zhang, H.;  Tan, Mater. Lett., 2011, 65, 1179-1183.
16. Anwar, M.; Miyagawa, T.; Gaweesh, M. Waste Manage. Series., 2000, 1, 671-684.
17. Sousa Coutinho, J. Cement and Concrete Composites., 2003, 25, 51-59.
18. Zain, M.F.M.; Islam, M.N.;  Mahmud, F.; Jami, M., Constr. Build. Mater., 2011, 25, 798-805.
19. Dominic,M.; Begum,P.;  Joseph,R.;  Joseph,D.;  Kumar,P.; Ayswarya, Int.J. Sci. Environ and Technol., 2013, 2, 1027–1035.
20. Abu Bakar,R.; Yahya ,R.;  Gana,S. Procedia Chemistry., 2016, 19, 189 – 195.
21. Soltani, N.; Bahrami, A.; Pech-Canul, M. I .; González, L. A. Eng. J. 2015, 264, 899–935.
22. Gonçalves M.R.F.; Bergmann, C.P. Build. Mater., 2007, 21, 2059–2065.
23. Ahmaruzzaman, M.; Gupta, V.K. Eng. Chem. Res., 2011, 50, 13589–13613.
24. Bekker, T.; Kaiser, C.; Labuschagne, N. South African Journal of Plant and Soil., 2009, 26,55-57.
25. Tyagi, M.; and Tyagi, D. J. Electro and Electrical Eng. 2014, 7, 603-608.

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.