CuO Coated Electrochemically Generated Textile Wastewater Sludge and CuO Coated GAC as Potential Nano-Adsorbents for Color Removal from Real Textile Wastewater

Introduction

Nanomaterials and its application in wastewater treatment is widely used for has gained accelerated clean water reclamation. Materials at nano scale, often possess novel size-dependent properties different from their large counterparts² and with additional substrate its performance is very high.

The water environment is globally being polluted by organic dyes mainly discharged from textile,³ paper and pulp,^4-6 printing, leather pigmentation, dyestuff, plastic and other such industries. It is estimated that about 10-20% of dyes are wasted upon complete utilization in the dyeing unit with ~125-150 L of water used for 1 kg of textile produced. The dyeing process releases huge quantities of wastewater.⁷ Wastewater treatment units in the textile industry use several thousands of meter cubes of water every day.⁸ High levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD), burly color, dissolved solids, highly fluctuating pH, recalcitrancy and poor biological degradation make textile industry wastewaters tough, carcinogenic and toxic to aquatic species.^{9, 10}

In the past, adsorption using granular activated carbon (GAC) was considered effective, versatile and economical for wastewater treatment. Its features such as high removal efficiency, simple process, low operational cost and easy functional modifications endow potential for adsorption-based water treatment applications. Researchers have shown the use of materials like walnut husk, composites, biochars from crop residues, natural clinoptilolite, sesame hull, biomass of penicillium, natural zeolite, cross-linked succinyl chitosan, modified bentonite, modified attapulgite, clay material, activated carbon, dehydrated beet pulp carbon, polyurethane foam, etc. as adsorbents for the removal of dyes from wastewater.¹¹ Much attention is now in focus for the use of  nano-technology for wastewater treatment to reduce the adsorbent dosage on a large scale using a combination of substrate alternate to GAC and nano-coating on it. In recent years, with the development of nano-technology various nanomaterials is extensively used in adsorption including graphene, graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), etc.¹² Metal oxide (MO) nano-particles have various practical applications because of their unique physical and chemical properties that improve adsorptive characteristics over a substrate.

CuO nano-particles with large surface areas and potential size effects the physical and chemical properties that remarkably differ from those of their micro or bulk counterparts. Recent studies have demonstrated that nanoscale CuO can be used to prepare various organic and inorganic nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, mechanical strength and temperature durability.¹³ Compared with other MO nanostructures such as TiO₂, ZnO and SnO₂, CuO nanoparticles have more magnetic and super-hydrophobic properties. With these unique properties, CuO can be used over a hard substrate like sludge with nano-coatings to enhance the three sequential steps in the adsorption process – film diffusion, intra-particle diffusion and pore diffusion. The substrate in the present work is chosen to be an electrochemically generated sludge treating textile wastewater as a replacement to the traditional GAC.

In general, sludge generated from textile industries is a surplus waste material in wastewater treatment facilities and its disposal is observed as a serious environmental concern. The excruciating environmental significance of disposing textile industry waste sludge in landfills causes intoxication of groundwater by long-term leachate. The utilization of sludge in wastewater treatment facilities as an adsorbent replacing GAC seem to a useful option in tertiary treatment to remove residual color. For this idea to take effect, raw textile wastewater stream was treated using the novel electrochemical coagulation (ECC) as a best treatment option with a shortest retention time (HRT) of 60-75 min using stainless steel (SS) electrodes for a pre-set surface area by volume (SA/V) ratio. The ECC sludge obtained were metal based sturdy/hard comparable with GAC to be used as a substrate with suitable nano-coating/decoration on it to initiate tertiary treatment. Therefore, the objective was set to check the feasibility of removing color from the textile wastewaters using Copper oxide (CuO) nano-adsorbents coated/decorated by CuO nano-particles on electrochemically treated sludge and on GAC.

Materials and Methods

The chemicals – cupric nitrate trihydrate, oxalic dihydrazine (ODH) used for preparing CuO nanoparticles were of analytical reagent (AR) grade purchased from Himedia Laboratories, Mumbai, India. The granular activated carbon (GAC) of size 0.5 mm were used as a base material for coating purchased from Mumbai, India. The electrochemical sludge as another hard substrate was obtained from the scum after treating real textile wastewater using ECC with SS electrodes in a bipolar electrode arrangement.

Batch electrochemical coagulation studies

Batch electrochemical coagulation (ECC) studies were composed to generate sludge treating real TWW using pre-optimized four stainless steel electrodes giving SA/V of 20 m²/m³. The batch ECC process was carried out for operating conditions such as voltage, current density, and electrolysis time (ET). All the experiments were carried out in a batch electrochemical coagulation (BECC) reactor with 1.5 L of effective capacity, operated at cell voltage of 18 V, current density 180 A/m² at an agitation speed of 500 rpm for 60 min ET. The wastewater is then allowed to settle in a settling column for 30 min where sludge is settled at the bottom and the supernatant at the top of the settling column. The supernatant is decanted easily and the sludge/slurry is collected in a separate glass beaker. This wet sludge was kept in a hot air oven at 105 ºC for 24 h, cooled down to room temperature and stored in the polymer sachets for further studies by decorating with nano-particles. Repeated BECC experiments were carried out to generate sufficient quantity of dry sludge for using it as substrate for CuO nano-coating on it.

Synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles

The copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were prepared using ‘low temperature combustion’ method. The redox mixture of cupric nitrate trihydrate and ODH were mixed in stoichiometric proportions using the total oxidizing and reducing valencies of the reactants so that the equivalent ratios of Fuel and Oxidizer is unity (F/O = 1) and the energy released during the combustion process is maximum.

15.18 g Cu(NO₃)₂•3H₂O and 7.414 g ODH is mixed with 50-60 ml distilled water and stirred for 1 h till the crystals dissolved completely and this mixture was subject to rapid heating and combustion in a muffle furnace at 400°C. The material obtained was washed and subject to check its stability washing with 5% dilute acid (HCl) and base (NaOH). The synthesis of CuO particles using combustion method is described stoichiometrically in Fig. 1 and the reaction that takes place is shown in equation (1).

Figure 1: Synthesized Copper oxide (CuO) by low temperature combustion Click here to View figure

 

5Cu (NO₃)₂ [aq] + 4C₂ N₄ H₆ O₂ [aq] → 5CuO [s] + 8CO₂ [g] + 13N₂ [g] + 12 H₂ O       (1)

CuO nanoparticle coating on ECC generated textile wastewater sludge and GAC

The obtained nanomaterial/nano-adsorbent is coated on the electrochemically generated TWW sludge of size 0.3-0.5 mm and GAC samples of size 0.5 mm. The nano-adsorbent was coated by adding 1 mg of CuO nano-adsorbent to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 g of TWW sludge samples followed by 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.9 g of GAC samples (with a total of 18 samples).

The CuO nanoparticle with sludges and GACs samples (9 sludge and 9 GAC dosage) were stirred separately with 20 ml deionized water for 3 h keeping the temperature < 15ºC. The mixture was again blended for 1 h at room temperature of 25-30ºC until it shows pasty slime like appearance. Further, the mixture was refluxed at 50 ºC for 15 min and stirred for 1 h at 25ºC to coat nanoparticles on the two substrates. The coated mixtures was washed by repeated centrifugation with 10% HCl solution followed by deionized water until the pH of the solution becomes neutral and the same was sonicated. Finally, the CuO-sludge and CuO-GAC mixtures were dried at 70ºC in hot air oven for 24 h to get nano-coated substrates. The characterization of the prepared CuO nano-coated substrates were confirmed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) by SU3500, Hitachi, Japan; Powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) by Microstar Proteum 8, Bruker; and Fourier Transform infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) by FT/IR 460 plus, Jasco.

Batch adsorption studies

In the batch studies, experiments were conducted with CuO nano-coated substrates for the color removal picking a real TWW stream from a silk manufacturing industry. A systematic procedure was followed by taking 50 mL TWW in a 250 mL beaker and 0.1-0.9 g CuO nano-coated sludge and GAC samples were added. The mixture was stirred employing an inductive magnetic stirring unit the help of a magnetic bead setting the optimum stirring speed at 400 rpm for a specific contact time of 30 min. In all the cases, the solution was separated from the substrates by centrifugation at a speed of 2500 rpm for 6 min. The supernatant solution was collected in test tubes, and the absorbance was measured for each case. To check the removal efficiencies of color from TWW batch adsorption studies were carried out on three operational parameters – adsorbent dose, stirring time and pH.

Effect of adsorbent dosage

Adsorbent doses were varied from 0.1 to 0.9 g (9 samples each) and the stirring was kept up to 30 min. The mixture was then centrifuged and the absorbance was measured.

Effect of stirring time

The optimal dosage was fixed from the dosage effect; the time of stirring was varied from 1 – 40 min followed by centrifugation and measurement of absorbance.

Effect of pH

Using the optimal dosage and stirring time, the pH of the solution was varied from 4-7.5. After a series of batch experiments, the optimal adsorbent dosage, contact time (CT) and pH was obtained. The color removal efficiency was assessed using the equation (2).

where, Abs_o is the initial absorbance at optical density 1.0 and Abs_f is the absorbance after the batch adsorption process.

Characteristics of raw textile wastewater

Raw TWW for use in batch ECC treatment was collected from a dye stream outfall conduit discharging in to the equalization basin of a local silk textile manufacturing industry and immediately characterized for various physico-chemical water quality parameters in duplicate without preservation using procedures accorded in Standard methods for analysis of wastewater.¹⁴ The initial characteristics of raw TWW used in the Batch ECC are shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Characteristics of Raw Silk Textile Wastewater

Parameters	Unit	Values
pH	–	5.40 – 5.61
Electrical Conductivity	µs/cm	2680 – 2708
Color	absorbance	0.7737 – 0.8546
COD	mg/L	2400 – 2700
Total hardness	mg/L	110 – 130
Calcium hardness	mg/L	80 – 90
Magnesium hardness	mg/L	30 – 40
Total Alkalinity	mg/L	20-28
Chloride	mg/L	760-840
Nitrate	mg/L	155 – 170
Phosphate	mg/L	245 – 262
Sulphate	mg/L	198 – 213

 

Results and Discussion

The physical and chemical properties of electrochemically generated sludge were determined using standard methods.¹⁵ The pH value of sludge was alkaline in nature having pH 8.14 – 8.60. The specific gravity and bulk density of ECC sludge were 1.05 and 2128 kg/m³ respectively. The volatile solids in TWW ECC sludge was 72% and the fixed solids content 19.08%. The electrochemical (EC) sludge had low moisture content of 2.81% and ash 50.21%.

Confirmation of CuO nano-adsorbent

A mixture of weighed amount of cupric nitrate trihydrate and oxalic dihydrazine (ODH) dissolved in distilled water was subjected to rapid heating in a muffle furnace at 400°C. During the combustion process, the reaction is exothermic and the energy released in the form of heat forming products like CuO, CO₂, N₂ and H₂O. After complete combustion, a black colored powder like material is obtained. The powder like material was characterized for SEM, FTIR and XRD analysis. The images confirmed that the powder obtained were CuO nanoparticles. Fig. 2 (a) shows the SEM image of CuO nanoparticles, Fig. 2 (b) shows FTIR and Fig. 2 (c) shows XRD of CuO nanoparticles.

The SEM image (Fig. 2(a)) at 10000X magnification shows surface morphology with particle attached forming agglomerates because of high temperature exposure during combustion. The product so formed is porous and comprised of large void spaces as interpreted from the SEM image. The by-products CO₂, N and H atoms escape through the synthesized material resulting in high voids and porosity in the product obtained.

Figure 2 (a):  SEM image of Copper oxide (CuO) nano-particles Click here to View figure

 

The FTIR spectrum in Fig. 2 (b) shows the absorption bands at 490, 1500 and 3400cm^-1.  The peak around 524 cm^-1 is assigned to the vibrations of CuO and gives information about the effective bond formations. The principle substance used for the CuO nano-material synthesis was cupric nitrate trihydrate, and therefore the band around 1500 cm^-1 is assigned to traces of nitrate content present in the product. The widened peak at 3700 cm^-1 is attributed to H-O-H stretching vibrations of the adsorbed water.

Figure 2 (b): FTIR of CuO nano-particles Click here to View figure

 

Fig. 2 (c) shows X-RD pattern for CuO nano-particles. The XRD unit was operated with a goniometer speed of 5.000 deg./min with a scan range of 0-60 on the abscissa. The Powdered XRD patterns of CuO confirms with the pattern of the Joint Committee on Power Diffraction Standards (JCPDS 140164). The higher peaks denote crystalline nature of the formed compound. Broader the width of the frequencies lesser is the particle size crystallites.

Figure 2 (c):  X-Ray diffractogram for CuO nano-particles. Click here to View figure

 

Figure 2: SEM image of Copper oxide (CuO) nano-particles, FTIR of CuO nano-particles, X-Ray diffractogram for CuO nano-particles

The estimation of particle sizes of the crystallites from the XRD graphs are briefly described as follows. The particle size analysis is evaluated using the Scherrer’s formula as given in equation (3) assuming particle morphology as spherical.

where,  D is the diameter of crystallite size, β is Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM in rad), λ is the wavelength of X-rays, θ is the diffraction angle, and k is the Scherrer’s constant.

For estimation of the crystalline size using Scherrer’s formula, one peak preferably between 38º and 40ºis selected and the width half value of its maximum intensity is determined. This is called Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM).

FWHM = θ₂ – θ₁

Here, θ₂ = 39.158 and θ₁ = 38.715

β = (θ₂ -θ₁) x π/180 →  β = 0.0077 rad.

2θ = 38.9⁰

λ = 1.54 A^o = 1.54 X 10^-10 m

The k values is 0.94 for FWHM of spherical crystals with cubic symmetry, 0.89 for integral breadth of spherical crystals without cubical symmetry, 1.03 for tetrahedral crystallites (100) peak and 0.81 for octahedral crystallites (100) peak. Applying the k values in the Scherrer’s formula, the size of CuO nano-adsorbent was estimated to be 19.027 x 10^-9 m or 19.027 nm. In addition, it may be seen from the Fig. 2 (c) that the plot confirms the formation of nano-particles.

Surface morphology of sludge, GAC and nano-coated substrates

Figure 3: SEM image of substrates (GAC and ECC sludge) before and after Copper oxide (CuO) nano-coating. Click here to View figure

 

To confirm the coating/decorating of CuO nanoparticles on the sludge and GAC morphological analysis was carried out on these coated substrates using SEM. The surface of the sludge and GAC substrates is shown in Fig. 3 before and after nano-coating. Fig. 3 (a) and (b) shows electrochemically treated sludge before and after the CuO nano-coating. Similarly, Fig. 3 (c) and (d) shows GAC before and after nano-coating. From Fig. 3 (b) and (d) it may be observed that the CuO nano-adsorbent is completely coated on to both the substrates successfully.

Batch adsorption studies

Batch experimental adsorption studies were conducted to arrive at the optimal operating conditions for the color removal from real TWW. Batch adsorption were conducted for the effect of adsorbent doses, effect of stirring/contact time and the effect of pH. Adsorption equations could not be used because real textile wastewater stream were used to evaluate color removals because of its inherent heterogeneity.

Figure 4: Effect of CuO-sludge and CuO-GAC doses on color removal from real TWW. Click here to View figure

 

Operating Conditions

pH₀: 5.99; agitation speed: 400 rpm; stirring time: 30 min for real TWW

Fig. 4 shows color removal as a function of CuO nano-adsorbent dose for the said operating conditions. CuO nano-adsorbent substrate dose was varied from 0.1-0.9 g per liter of the bulk solution. As observed from the curves, color removal of 53% was obtained at the adsorbent dose of 0.6 g/L for CuO-sludge substrate. Similarly, color removal of 69% was obtained at the adsorbent dose of 0.5 g/L for CuO-GAC substrate. At lower adsorbent doses, number of active sites is higher and with the increase in adsorbent dose, aggregation of particles take place as a result of which removal efficiency increases.¹⁶ Lower and higher adsorbent doses showed lesser color removal from the bulk solution. An overall improvement of ~16% color removal was achieved while using CuO-GAC substrate for reasons ascribed to the presence of other organics in real TWW.

Effect of stirring/contact time

Figure 5: Effect of stirring time on removal of color from CuO-sludge and CuO-GAC Click here to View figure

 

Operating conditions

pH₀: 5.99; agitation speed: 400 rpm; stirring time: 40 min for real TWW

Fig. 5 shows color removal as a function of stirring/contact time for the operating conditions: pH_o 5.99; agitation speed of 400 rpm, CuO-sludge dose of 0.5 g/L, 0.6 g/L for CuO-GAC and the stirring time was varied from 1-40 min. From Fig. 5 it may be seen that maximum color removal of 57% was achieved for a stirring time 30 min for CuO-sludge and similarly, maximum color removal of 72% was obtained at 20 min stirring time for CuO-GAC nano-adsorbent. Lower and higher stirring time showed comparatively low color removal from the bulk solution. An overall improvement of ~15% color removal was achieved for the CuO-GAC substrate. Further increase in stirring time cause disintegration of both CuO nano-coated substrates and the removal efficiency reduced.

Effect of pH

Fig. 6 shows the color removal as a function of pH for the operating conditions. The pH was varied within a small bandwidth from 4-7.5 for TWW and the pH was adjusted using 5% dilute HCl and NaOH. This pH band was selected because the real TWW streams in the textile industry ranged from 4.5-7.5. From the plot, we may observe that increase in pH showed reduction in color removal efficiency for both the substrates. It is surmised that as the pH of the bulk solution increase the surface of CuO nanoparticles become more negatively charged and repulsive effect occurs and so the removal efficiency decreases. Color removal was maximum in the acidic pH range between 4-4.5 for both CuO-sludge and CuO-GAC substrates. A higher color removal was obtained for CuO-GAC compared to CuO-sludge nanoparticles.

Figure 6: Effect of pH on the removal of color from CuO-sludge and CuO-GAC nano-coating substrates. Click here to View figure

 

Operating Conditions

Agitation speed: 400 rpm; CuO nano-coating substrate dose of 0.5 g/L for CuO-sludge and 0.6 g/L for CuO-GAC substrate, stirring time of 30 min and 20 min for real TWW.

Figure 7: Color removal by nano-adsorbent using CuO-sludge (ECC-TWW) and CuO-GAC substrates. Click here to View figure

 

Fig. 7 (a) shows pictorial representations of color removal from real TWW during batch experiments for CuO-sludge nano-coating substrates. The first test tube (LHS) shows raw TWW, while the second test tube shows 0.1 g/L CuO-sludge coated nano-adsorbent after 30 min contact time. The remaining four tubes show color removals for 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 g/L of CuO coated sludge. Similarly, Fig. 7 (b) shows the color removal during adsorption experiments for GAC particle sizes of ~0.5 mm. The first test tube (LHS) shows raw TWW, while the second test tube shows 0.2 g/L CuO coated GAC after 20 min contact time. The remaining four tubes show color removals for 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g/L of CuO coated GAC. It may be observed from Fig. 7 (b) that more or less 100% color removal was achieved while using CuO-GAC coated nano-adsorbent when using smaller particle sizes. This observation is in par with the research work by Perrich, 1981.¹⁷

Regeneration of CuO coated GAC

Regeneration of an adsorbent is an important aspect of any adsorption process. Regeneration for CuO coated ECC sludge and CuO coated GAC was carried out after color was removed completely from the solution. The CuO coated ECC sludge and CuO coated GAC were tested for its ability to retain its structure in acidic and basic solutions with pH ranging from 4.5-7.5. The CuO-Sludge and CuO-GAC nanosorbents were washed with water adjusted to the above set pH. It was seen that ~10-13% CuO was lost during the regeneration process in both substrates. The regenerated CuO coated ECC sludge and CuO coated GAC was again used in batch experiments to check again its adsorptive potential for color removal. A further reduction in color removal of ~15% and ~20% was obtained while using regenerated CuO coated ECC sludge and CuO coated GAC.

Conclusions

CuO as nano-particles and its coating on adsorbents like electrochemically treated sludge from textile wastewater and GAC showed reasonably good potential for reducing color from textile wastewater. The synthesized CuO nano-particles was subjected to SEM, FTIR and PXRD. PXRD analysis confirmed the nano-structure of CuO and SEM showed the morphology of CuO nanoparticles, nano-coating of CuO on sludge and GAC substrates. A color removal of 57% was achieved for the CuO-sludge dose of 0.5 g/L at stirring time 30 min and 72% removal was achieved for CuO-GAC dose of 0.6 g/L at contact time of 20 min. The increase in the pH of wastewater showed reduction in color removal efficiency while using both CuO nano-coated substrates. A 100% color removal was achieved when 0.6 g/L of CuO coated GAC of size ~0.5 mm was used as an adsorbent. Coating of GAC with CuO increased the color removal efficiency compared to CuO coated on ECC sludge. Therefore, recovery, recycle and reuse concepts can be used for the electrochemically treated sludge by coating CuO nanoparticle instead of dumping in to agricultural fields or incinerating the sludge in boilers.

The ECC generated sludge used as a nanosorbents can be eventually used as a potent alternative to conventional treatment methods. The novel CuO-sludge nanoparticles developed in this work indeed possessed better color removal efficiency, which can be particularly used for dye-based industries. This work is presumed to be an eye opener/useful in developing new adsorbents from sludges generated from treatment of different agri-based industries.

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering (JSS S&T University), Mysuru for giving the opportunity to carry out this research work. Srikantha H is thankful for the Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Government of India, University grant commission (UGC) for providing fellowship throughout the research work.

References

1. Nirmala, I., Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl, 2014, 4, 55-63.
   
2. Qu, X., Pedro, J. J., Alvarez., Li, Q., Water Res, 2013, 47, 3931-3946.
   CrossRef
3. O’Neill, C,, Hawkes, F. R., Hawkes, D. L., Lourenco, N. D., Pinheiro, H. M., Delee, W. J., Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 1999, 74, 1009-1018 .
   CrossRef
4. Mahesh, S., Prasad, B., Mall, I. D., Mishra, I. M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2006 a, 45, 2830-2839.
   CrossRef
5. Mahesh, S,, Prasad, B., Mall, I. D., Mishra, I. M., Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 2006 b, 45, 5766-5774.
   CrossRef
6. Mahesh, S., Garg, K. K., Srivastava, V. C., Mishra, I. M., Prasad, B., Mall, I. D., RSC. Adv, 2016, 20, 16223-16233.
7. Moussavi, G., Mahmoudi, M., J. Haz. Mat, 2009, 168, 806-812.
   CrossRef
8. Govindan, K., Oren, Y., Noel, M., Sep. Purif. Technol., 2014, 133, 396-406.
   CrossRef
9. Mall I. D., Srivastava V. C., Agarwal N. K., Mishra I. M., Colloids. Surf. A. Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 2005, 264, 17-28.
   CrossRef
10. Singh, S., Srivastava, V. C., Mall, I. D., Int. J. Chem. React. Eng., 2013, 11, 1-16.
    CrossRef
11. Zhu, H. Y., Jiang, R., Fu, Y. Q., Jiang, J. H., Xiao, L., Zeng, G. M., J. of Chem. Engg., 2011 258, 1337-1344.
12. Wang, P., Cao, M., Wang, C., Ao, Y., Hou, J., Qian, J., Appl. Surf. Sci., 2014 290, 116-124.
    CrossRef
13. Zhang, Q., Zhang, K., Xu, D., Yang, G., Huang, H., Nie, F., Liu, C., Yang, S., Prog. Mater. Sci, 2014, 60, 208-337.
    CrossRef
14. Baird, R. B., Eaton, A. D., Rice, E. W., APHA, 2017.
15. IS 1350 (Part1), Bureau of Indian Standards, 1984, 1-28.
16. Padmavathy, K. S., Madhu, G., Haseena, P.V., Proc. Technol, 2016, 24, 585-594.
    CrossRef
17. Perrich, J, R., CRC press, Inc,., 1981, 96-98.

---

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.