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The interaction of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with phospholipids membrane: in point view of solvent effect

Volume 31, Number 1

Akbar Elsagh1*, Hamidreza Jalilian2, Ali. R. Ilkhani3

1Department of Chemistry, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2Department of Chemistry, Gorgan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Gorgan, Iran

3Department of Chemistry, Yazad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yazad, Iran

DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/310124

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Article Published : 19 Mar 2015
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ABSTRACT:

In this research, we have studied the structural properties of phospholipids, surrounding single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT, by using ab-inition and molecular dynamics simulation. Carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are very common in medical research and are being highly studied in the fields of biosensing methods for disease treatment and efficient drug delivery and health monitoring. The transportation of SWCNT through the cell membrane widely investigated because of many advantages. Because of the differences among force fields, the energy of a molecule calculated using two different force fields will not be the same. In this study difference in force field illustrated by comparing the energy of calculated by using force fields, MM+, Amber and OPLS. The quantum Mechanics (QM) calculations were carried out with the GAUSSIAN 09  program based on density functional theory (DFT) at B1LYP/6-31G* level. In our recent study the electronic structure of open-end of SWCNT and transportation of SWCNT through the phospholipids in skin cell membrane have been discussed for both vacuum and solvent media.

KEYWORDS:

The interaction; biosensing methods; phospholipids

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Elsagh A, Jalilian H, Ilkhani A. R. The interaction of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with phospholipids membrane: in point view of solvent effect. Orient J Chem 2015;31(1).

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Elsagh A, Jalilian H, Ilkhani A. R. The interaction of single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) with phospholipids membrane: in point view of solvent effect. Orient J Chem 2015;31(1). Available from: http://www.orientjchem.org/?p=7846

Introduction

Nature provides us with a very large number of channels or nano-pores embedded in cell membranes. The function of channels is to allow selectivity and specificity for a Variety of molecular species transport across the cell membrane. These channels,included : a) ligand-gated channels)voltage-gated channels, c)Second messenger gated channels, d)mechanic sensitive channels)Gap junctions: porins not gated [1-7].

The discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNT) in 1991 heralded the era of nanoscience and nanotechnology [8-11].

Nanotubes of carbon and other materials, due to their electronic, optical and mechanical properties find applications in several fields [12-18].

The space available inside the nanotube enables it to match phospholipids outside. This makes the carbon nanotube an ideal medium for storing high energy materials [19-21].

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) since their discovery [22] have been the focus of scientific research due to their outstanding chemical, mechanical and electrical properties. Single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are of particular interest because of their size and superior electrical properties [23].SWCNTs have been used to realize many molecular scale electronic devices [24  -29].

Membranes are asymmetric structures. The choline-containing phospholipids are located mainly in the outer molecular layer .This asymmetric distribution is maintained by an ATP-dependent protein which specifically Trans-locates phosphatidyl-ethanolamine (and phosphatidyl-serine) to the inside of the plasma membrane [30-33].

All major lipids in membranes contain both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions and are therefore termed amphipathic. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC)  are taken as phospholipids with an  equal polar heads and with the difference in the length of hydrocarbon chains [34,35].These two  molecules have saturated fatty acid tail groups [36-39].

On a molecular level it has been of interest to explore to what extent PC head groups differ with respect to molecular conformation, lateral interactions,  and dipole arrangements and how these features affect the properties  and topology of the membrane surface [40-44].

There are two types of CNTs: single-walled nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled nanotubes (MWCNTs) [45]; that they have three conformation: armchair (n,n), zigzag (n,0) and chiral (n,m) these conformations have individual properties [46-50].

SWCNTs have been considered as the leading candidate for nanodevice applications because of their one-dimensional electronic bond structure, molecular size, and bio compatibility, controllable property of conducting electrical current and reversible response to biological reagents hence SWCNTs make possible bonding to polymers and biological systems such as DNA and carbohydrates [51-57].

Computational Methods

All calculations have done by ab initio at the Hartree-Fock (HF) level of theory Gaussian 98 package[58].Four basis sets have used, namely  the sto-3G ,3-21G,6-31G and 6-31G*.  The geometry of DPPC, DMPC have full optimized at the RHF/6-31G*, 6-31G, 3-21G and STO-3G levels of the theory in the gas phase [59-61].

The most important dihedral angle of these molecules (DPPC and DMPC) is chosen and

The energy, dipole moment, and atomic charges of 15 important atoms have  scanned within 180 degrees rotation. In this manner after the optimization of total molecules, important dihedral angle of these molecules has rotated 15 degrees at every time [62-64].

The effects of the solvent polarization are described in terms of proper QM operators to be added to the Hamiltonian of the isolated system then , the salvation calculations have  performed using Onsager method at  HF/6-31 G*. For Onsager model, it does require values of volume (a0) of the molecule and the dielectric (ε) of solvent. The volume of DPPC and DMPC molecules was obtained using the “volume” keyword. The Onsager-SCRF was that it permitted one to directly exploit almost all of the computational facilities of the Gaussian packages .For this reason, and for its very limited computational   cost , it is still  in use by people not requiring an accurate description of salvation   effects but just a guess or a qualitative correction to the values obtained for the isolated   molecule. Users must be aware of the limitations of the approach,of the unphysical deformation of the solute charge distribution it may induce, and of other shortcomings specific of the approach, such as the lack of salvation for solutes with zero permanent dipole [65-66].

In the Onsager method, the solute molecule is placed in a spherical cavity of radius a0 surrounded by a continuum   with constant dielectric properties [67]. A dipole in the molecule will induce a dipole in the medium, and the electric field applied by the solvent dipole will in turn in interact with the molecular dipole leading to net stabilization. The molecular geometrics have obtained via   HF/6-31 G* level optimization in the gas phase and have rotated and then any one separately have been placed in the solvents [67, 68].

Result and Discussion

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) molecules have chosen as starting structures for gas phase (Fig1).

Fig.1. DPPC and DMPC molecule Figure1: DPPC and DMPC molecule 

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The DPPC and DMPC   zwitter-ionic   are   found to be unstable  in the gas phase  when  have  optimized at HF/3-21G,  6-31G and 6-31G* level.The  obtained   result  from  optimization and  stabilization  parameters are shown   in table1.

Table 1. Conformational energy of DPPC and DMPC obtained by geometry optimization for different basis set. 

Basis set

E/Kcal.mol-1

E/Kcal.mol-1

 

DPPC

DMPC

Sto-3G

-1583811.25

-148406.13

3-21G

-1594584.734

-149458.5

6-31G

-1602683.01

-1505418.6

4-31g

-1604567.05

-1505341.9

6-31G*

-1603386.341

-1505422.7

6-311++G**

-1605567036

-160552.9

 

Fig.2 of DPPC Figure2:  of DPPC

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Fig3: The charge changing due to each hydrophobic chain of the DPPC Figure3: The charge changing due to each hydrophobic chain of the DPPC 

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 Fig 4. The electron density of the nanotube Figure4: The electron density of the nanotube 

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Fig 5.The Nano tubes in various solvent of water and methanol Figure5: The Nano tubes in various solvent of water and methanol

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 Fig6. Density of state Figure6: Density of state 

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 Fig 7: contour map of density state for solvents. Figure7: contour map of density state for solvents. 

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