Synthesis, Antioxidant, Antinociceptive Activity of Novel Phenoxy Acetyl Carboxamides

Introduction

Pain is more prevalent in women more than forty years of age and older. Approximately half of the world’s population suffers from different types of pain affecting both physical and mental health. Narcotic analgesics such as pethidine, pentazocine, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents like aspirin, diclofenac, and celecoxib are still drugs of choice to treat pain conditions despite their adverse effects ^1-3. In the quest for safer novel antinociceptive agents, devoid of serious adverse effects, various compounds (synthetic, natural) were tested by researchers worldwide ^4-5. Among them, compounds having phenoxy acid scaffold in their structure were found to exhibit peripheral and central antinociceptive activity ^6-7.

Phenoxy acid derivatives display interesting therapeutic activities such as anticancer, antiviral ⁸, antioxidant ⁹, antimicrobial, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory ¹⁰, and antihyperlipidemic activities ¹¹. Various phenoxy acid derivatives have been synthesized and reported to have potent antinociceptive activity in different animal models. Few phenoxy acetyl hydrazones were reported to exhibit potential antinociceptive activity ⁷. High production and enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be a leading cause of neuropathic pain and several efforts were directed toward finding the involvement of free radicals like hydroxyl, superoxide, and nitric oxide radicals in pain pathways ¹². Accordingly, global research demands the emergence of effective antioxidant therapies for pain that is associated with chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, and spinal injury ¹³.

Thus driven by the potentiality of phenoxy acetyl hydrazones as antinociceptive agents and taking into account the role of oxidative free radicals, their link to the pain disorders, novel phenoxy acetohydrazides were synthesized and screened for antioxidant and antinociceptive activities. 

Experimental

Materials

Sigma melting point apparatus was used to determine the melting points and Infrared Spectra were obtained using KBr pellets on a Bruker FTIR spectrophotometer (cm^-1). The ¹H NMR spectra were taken in CDCl₃ on Bruker-400 MHz.  Mass (m/z) spectra were obtained using Apex Mass spectrum (300800.D). All the chemicals used in the present work were obtained from the chemical suppliers.

Methods

General synthetic procedure for phenoxy acetyl methyl ester (2)

Simple esterification was carried out to synthesize phenoxy acetyl methyl ester from phenoxy acetic acid. For this, 0.01mol of phenoxy acetic acid (1), 20 ml of methanol, and 2ml conc. H₂SO₄ were mixed thoroughly and refluxed for 7hr. The mixture was distilled, cooled, and then quenched by saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The product was obtained in the form of an oily layer.

General synthetic procedure for phenoxy acetyl hydrazide (3)

To obtain phenoxy acetylhydrazide, ester was refluxed in hydrazine hydrate and methanol (1:2) mixture for 5hr. Upon completion, the mixture was distilled, and the hydrazide (3) was obtained as a solid.

General synthetic procedure for phenoxy acetyl carboxamides (4a-4c)

To the solution of phenoxy acetyl hydrazide (3) (0.01 mol) in dichloromethane (20 ml), triethylamine (3 drops) was added as a base. To this mixture, ethyl chloroformate (1:1) was added drop-wise at 0^°C. After 2-3hrs of stirring, piperidine (2ml) was added and again stirred for 2-3hr at ice-cold conditions. The solid was washed with saturated NaHCO₃, 1N HCl, brine, distilled water, brine, and dichloromethane successively. After evaporating the organic layers, the final product (4a) was dried and stored at 20^°C. For the synthesis of 4b and 4c, substituted piperidinone and morpholine were utilized and similar reaction conditions were applied (Scheme-1; Figure 1).

General synthetic procedure for 4d-4g

For synthesizing 4d-4g, the grinding technique was employed. Equimolar proportions of phenoxy acetyl hydrazide (3) and different acid chlorides (benzoyl, adamantly carbonyl cinnamoyl, 4-chloro benzoyl chlorides) (Figure-1) were triturated until the mixture turned to a paste. Trituration was continued until the solid product was deposited on the mortar walls. After that, ice cubes were added and the mixture was kept aside. The product was filtered and recrystallized using ethanol ¹⁴.

Figure 1: Scheme for the synthesis of title compounds Ia-Ig Click here to View figure

In Vitro Antioxidant Studies

Methods

The antioxidant ability of the synthesized phenoxy acetamides was determined using DPPH, NO radical scavenging, and ABTS assays. For the DPPH assay, the title compounds and ascorbic acid were prepared, each of 100µM concentrations using ethanol, and the antioxidant activity was investigated as described in the literature ¹⁵. To the 2ml of test solutions, 2ml of DPPH ethanolic solution was added. After incubating for 20 min at ambiance the absorbance was measured (517 nm). To prepare the negative control, the above procedure was followed without adding any test solutions and for the positive control, 2ml ascorbic acid solution was used. All the experiments were performed in triplicates and to calculate % scavenging the below-given equation was used

In NO scavenging assay, sodium nitroprusside combines with oxygen present in the buffered saline (pH-7.4) and generates nitrite ions. Griess reagent quantitatively reacts with the nitrite ions to produce a colored solution. The absorbance can be accurately determined at 546 nm. The NO scavenging ability of the phenoxy acetamides was screened as the procedure given by Babu et al. with slight modifications ¹⁶. The test solutions (100µM concentration) were prepared with methanol. To 2ml of test solution, 2ml of sodium nitroprusside solution, and 0.5ml of saline were added and incubated at 25^oC for 5 hrs. Then 2ml of the reaction mixture was mixed with 2ml of Griess reagent and the absorbance was measured after color development at 546 nm. The same procedure was followed to prepare negative control by replacing 2ml test solution with methanol. For the positive control readings, curcumin 100 µM concentrations was prepared in methanol and replaced with a 2ml test solution. % scavenging was calculated from the given equation.  

ABTS radical cations are produced when ABTS (2, 2’-Azino-bis (3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) is mixed with potassium persulfate. The reaction requires sufficient time after which these radicals absorb (blue-green color) light at a wavelength of 734nm. The maximum wavelength greatly depends on the pH of the solution. To determine ABTS scavenging ability, 1ml working solution of ABTS solution was mixed with 1ml of test solution (100µM). After 15 min, the absorbance values are measured at 734 nm ¹⁷. % scavenging was calculated from the given equation.  

Antinociceptive Activity

The animal studies were authenticated by ethical committee (CPCSEA Registration No: 1677/PO/Re/S/2012/CPCSEA/18). Healthy Swiss albino mice were used to evaluate the antinociceptive activity of the synthesized compounds.

Tail immersion method

Procedure

The tail immersion method evaluates centrally acting analgesic agents. Morphine-like drugs can prolong the reaction time that is tail-withdrawal reflex time in mice induced by tail immersion in the water of 55°C ¹⁸. After the oral administration of the title compounds (25mg/kg) and standard drug tramadol (10mg/kg), tail immersion method was performed as mentioned in the literature. The time was noted (time taken for tail withdrawal) as latency period   (cut-off time: 15 sec) ¹⁹.

Acetic acid-induced writhing test; Involvement of ATP-sensitive K⁺channel (K_ATP) pathway

The glibenclamide, a K_ATP channel blocker at 10mg/kg was used to study the effect of compounds on ATP-sensitive K⁺ channels, an important mediator of peripheral nociception. The possible involvement of the K_ATP channel in the phenoxy acetyl carboxamide-mediated antinociceptive effect was evaluated as mentioned in the literature ²⁰. For this, mice were treated with glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) 15 min before administering test compounds (25 mg/kg, p.o). After an hour, animals were treated with an intraperitoneal injection of 0.6% acetic acid and immediately placed in a chamber to observe writhings. The abdominal writhings were recorded for thirty min, five min after injection.

Molecular docking Studies

Method

Molecular docking with human MAGL protein (PDB ID: 3PE6) was performed using AutoDock 4.2 with flexible docking and regular precision modes. The protein preparation (refining by adding polar hydrogens & partial atomic charges) and ligand preparation (drawing the structures in ChemDraw Ultra 8.0 & energy minimization with MM2 force fields) steps were accomplished using AutodockTools-1.5.6 and the files were converted to pdbqt format with Open bable 3.1.1. The grid box was generated around the active site of the human MAGL protein with grid centre as: x = -17.924, y= 21.077, z= -9.836 and grid box size: x=56, y=46, z=52. Ten docking conformations were generated as output by using the Lamarckian Genetic algorithm. Finally calc binding-free energy is obtained which is based on different interactions such as hydrogen bonding, electrostatic, hydrophobic interactions. The results were analyzed by using Pymol 2.4.1²⁰.

Results and Discussion

Chemistry

Saturated sp³ rich motifs are well documented for their less metabolic toxicities ²¹. Owing to the pronounced biological properties of the piperidines viz., antioxidant, anticancer, antibacterial, antimalarial, antihypertensive etc this synthetic approach of piperidines functionalized phenoxy acetic acid derivatives was initiated. Morpholine, a potential bioisostere for piperidine rings was utilized for the functionalization procedure. The pharmacologically active template of phenoxy acetylhydrazide was further functionalized with phenyl and p-chlorophenyl rings. This could provide a view on the effect of the aromatic ring and the substituted aromatic ring, in comparison to the aliphatic, piperidines, and morpholine moieties. The previous studies have suggested that the phenyl ring could be a good replacement for the adamantyl group ²².The view of our study was to design a series of biologically active phenoxy acetyl carboxamides with biologically varied functionalities.

A series of novel phenoxy acetyl carboxamides (Ia-Ig) were synthesized by amidation using phenoxy acetylhydrazide and various acid chlorides or N-substituted bases. Ia-Ic were synthesized by coupling with phenoxy acetylhydrazide and ethyl chloroformate followed by reaction with piperidine, 1,4-diphenyl piperidine-4-one and morpholine. Id-Ig were synthesized by reacting phenoxyhydrazide and different acid chlorides, including benzoyl chloride, adamantly carbonyl chloride, cinnamoyl chloride and 4- chlorobenzoyl chloride in equimolar quantities using a grinding technique [Table-1].

Table 1: Physical characterization of phenoxy acetyl carboxamides (Ia-Ig). Click here to View table

IR spectra of the title compounds displayed characteristic absorption bands (cm^-1) in the regions 3739.06-3244.28 cm^-1 (N-H str) and 1707.09-1629.91 cm^-1 (C=O of amide). Mass spectra of the compounds showed characteristic peaks.

4a) N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)piperidine-1-carbohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm^-1:3473.12 (N-H str),  1662.50 (C=O str of amide), 1594.44 (C=C aromatic str); ¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 2.31-4.30 (m, 10H, CH₂), 4.74 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 6.75 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 8.63-8.66 (s, 2H, NH-NH of hydrazide) ; m/z 277.2[M]⁺, 278.2 [M+1]

4b) 2,6-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)piperidine-1-carbohydrazide

300.80; FTIR (KBr) cm^-1: 3447.24 (N-H str), 1683.43 (C=O str of amide), 1596.97 (C=C aromatic str) ;¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 2.37-2.62[d, 4H,(CH₂)₂] 3.91(s ,6H, (OCH₃)₂] 4.51 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 5.12 (m, 2H, CH morpholine), 6.92-7.60 (m, 13H, Ar-H), 8.98 (s, 1H, NH of hydrazide), 9.30 (s, 1H, NH of hydrazide); m/z503.2 [M]⁺, 504.2 [M+1]

4c) N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)morpholine-4-carbohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm^-1:3419.39 (N-H str),  1668.97 (C=O str of amide); ¹H NMR(CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 3.45-4.30 (m, 8H, CH₂), 4.60 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 7.01-7.87 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 8.92 (s, 1H, NH of hydrazide), 9.23(s,1H,NHof hydrazide) ;m/z279.1[M]⁺, 278.1[M-1]

4d) N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)benzohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm^-1: 3424.06 (N-H str), 1656.20 (C=O str of amide), 1497.45 (C=C aromatic str);¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 4.63 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 6.93-7.84 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 9.02-9.30 (d, 2H, NH-NH of hydrazide) ; m/z270.0 [M]⁺, 269.0 [M-1]

4e) N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)adamantane-1-carbohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm^-1: 3533.27 (N-H str), 1692.60 (C=O str of amide), 1501.11 (C=C aromatic str);¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 1.68-2.07 (m, 15H, adamantyl), 4.62-4.66 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 6.93-7.33 (m, 5H, Ar-H), 8.50 (d, 1H, NH of hydrazide), 9.30 (d, 1H, NH of hydrazide); m/z 328.2 [M]⁺, 327.1[M-1]

4f) N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)-3-phenylacrylohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm^-1: 3431.42 (N-H str),  1697.56 (C=C str), 1633.15 (C=O str of amide), 1497.39 (C=C aromatic str);¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 4.65 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 6.45-6.96 (d, 2H, HC=CH), 7.01-7.55 (m, 10H, Ar-H), 8.95 (s, 1H, NH of hydrazide), 9.51 (d, 1H, NH of hydrazide) ; m/z 295.0 [M-1].

4g) 4-chloro-N’-(2-phenoxyacetyl)benzohydrazide

FTIR (KBr) cm-1: 3444.09 (N-H str), 1688.17 (C=O str of amide), 1424.62 (C=C  aromatic str);¹H NMR (CDCl₃, 400 MHz) δ 4.54 (s, 2H, O-CH₂), 7.02-7.98 (m, 9H, Ar-H), 9.04-9.26 (d, 2H, NH-NH of hydrazide); m/z 304.0 [M]⁺

Results of in vitro antioxidant studies

Among the tested compounds, strong DPPH inhibitory activity was observed for compounds possessing piperidine ring (4a and 4b with 57.12±0.2 and 58.68±0.1 respectively). The results are following previous observations [23]. The significant DPPH radical scavenging of 4a and 4b might be attributed to their hydrogen donating ability [24]. However, the potency is lower than ascorbic acid (69.07±0.3). Moderate inhibitory activity was shown by phenyl ring-containing compounds (4d, 4g, 30.17%, 34.21±0.1). In contrast, poor activity was observed for morpholine (4c, 22.67±0.5), and adamantyl (4e, 13.27±0.5) substituted compounds [Table.2].

Results of the NO scavenging assay showed that the compound possessing cinnamoyl moiety (4f) exhibited potential antioxidant activity (62.29±0.6). These findings are in good agreement with earlier reports indicating that the amide derivatives and acyl hydrazones of the cinnamoyl scaffold afford good antioxidant activities [25, 26]. The strong activity of 4f could be attributed to its styryl moiety, a component of the curcumins [27]. Moderate activity was observed with compounds 4a (52.16%), 4b (55.28%), 4c (33.73%) and 4e (36.11%) and poor activity was displayed by compounds 4d (21.05%) and 4g (20.55%) [Table.2].

 The compound 4e (adamantyl) showed poor DPPH free radical scavenging activity but exhibited moderate activity in the ABTS assay (58.13±0.1). However, the scavenging ability was lesser than BHT which had significant ability in the ABTS assay (80.34±0.4). Compound 4a showed low inhibitory activity i.e., (24.41±0.2), while other compounds (4b-4g) demonstrated moderate to good activity in this assay [Table.2].

Table 2 : In vitro antioxidant studies of phenoxy acetyl carboxamides (Ia-Ig).

Compound	% Inhibition of DPPH at 100 µM	% Inhibition of Nitric oxide at 100 µM	% Inhibition of ABTS at 100 µM
Ia	57.12±0.2	52.16±0.3	24.41±0.2
Ib	58.68±0.1	55.28±0.1	53.13±0.1
Ic	22.67±0.5	33.73±0.2	37.67±0.2
Id	30.17±0.4	21.05±0.4	55.11±0.3
Ie	13.27±0.5	36.11±0.3	58.13±0.1
If	24.63±0.2	62.29±0.6	50.81±0.4
Ig	34.21±0.1	20.55±0.5	47.32±0.2
Standard (Positive control)	Ascorbic acid 69.07±0.3	Curcumin 90.21±0.2	Butylatedhydroxy toluene 80.34±0.4

 Effect of title compounds in tail immersion test

The results suggested an increase in latency of the tail withdrawal reflex for the test compounds (10 mg/kg) when compared to the control group. There was a significant increase in reaction time for all the test compounds (Ia, Ic, Ie-Ig) compared to disease control indicating that these compounds act by the central pain pathway. Among all the derivatives, compounds containing cinnamoyl and 4-chlorophenyl moiety (If, Ig) were found to be effective in this model, indicating that this substitution might be responsible for the antinociceptive activity [Table. 3].

Table 3: Effect of phenoxy acetyl carboxamides in tail immersion test.

S. no	Groups	Tail withdrawal reflex (in sec)
1	Control	04.40±1.14
2	Ia	09.20±0.83*
3	Ib	06.80±0.83*
4	Ic	07.45±0.65*
5	Id	07.89±0.32*
6	Ie	10.00±1.58*
7	If	12.00±1.22*
8	Ig	12.60±1.14*
9	Tramadol	14.20±0.83*

Values were expressed as Mean ± SD (n=6); *= p˂ 0.05, considered statistically significant when compared to the disease control. Ia-Ig  were administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg, p.o).

Acetic acid-induced writhing test (Involvement of ATP – sensitive K⁺ channel pathway on title compounds)

The title compounds were evaluated for their involvement in the K_ATP-channel pathway. To identify the participation of thesechannels, the compounds were screened for effect on writhings both in the presence and absence of glibenclamide (K⁺ channel blocker). The data obtained showed no significant difference in the number of writhings in the case of the majority of the compounds except 4b and 4f [Table 4]. The effect shown by 4b and 4f indicated that when glibenclamide was administered together with 4b and 4f, it significantly (p˂ 0.05) reversed the antinociceptive effects demonstrating the involvement of K_ATP– channels.

Table 4: Involvement of ATP -sensitive K⁺ channel pathway on title compounds.

S. no	Groups	No. of writhings occurred in presence of Glibenclamide	No. of writhings occurred in absence of Glibenclamide
1	Disease control	148.0±07.90	148.0±07.90*
2	Glibenclamide	104.6±11.15*	–
3	Ibuprofen	116.0±07.93*	066.2±05.16*
4	Ia	112.6±07.09*	123.0±06.59*
5	Ib	121.6±06.95*,	087.6±07.50*,
6	Ic	126.2±05.67*	117.2±05.40*
7	Id	117.0±07.96*	116.4±06.22*
8	Ie	125.2±09.65*	132.4±06.22*
9	If	107.4±09.71*	080.4±06.06*
10	Ig	118.8±08.70*	128.6±10.45*

Values were expressed as Mean ± SD (n=6); * =p< 0.05 on comparison with disease control Ia-Ig  were  administered at a dose of 25 mg/kg, p.o).

A previous study by Turan-Zitouni G et al. reported that the presence of free carboxylic acid moiety at the 4^th position of phenyl ring decreases the antinociceptive activity of aryloxyhydrazones at the central level which might be due to the impermeability of free carboxylic acid moiety into CNS. In the present study, good central antinociceptive activity was observed for phenoxyacetyl carboxamides, which may be due to the absence of free carboxylic moiety and good CNS permeability. Pui ping et al., reported that cardamonin exhibited significant peripheral and central antinociception. If also possess the styryl moiety similar to cardamonin ²⁸. So, it could be therefore predicted that the presence of this moiety in If could be the possible reason for its potential antioxidant and antinociceptive effects.

Molecular docking studies

Molecular docking study provides a detailed understanding of protein-ligand interactions. Literature revealed that phenoxy carboxamides exhibit potent MAGL/ FAAH inhibitory activity ²⁹. Though the specific compounds were not evaluated for antinociceptive activity, MAGL inhibitors are potential compounds to develop antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory agents ^30-31. Considering the synthesized compounds possess phenoxy moiety and amide functionalities similar to that of known MAGL inhibitors, all of them were docked in the active site of the human MAGL protein (PDB ID: 3PE6). All the binding affinity values, interacted amino acids and type of interactions observed from docking output are shown in table-3. The active site consisted Ala-51, His-121, Ser-122, Met-123,  Ala-151, Ser-155, Ser-175, Gly-177, Ile-179, Leu-184, Tyr-194, ILe-205, Leu-213, Leu-214, Leu-241, His-269 and Lys-273 amino acid residues.

Results showed that title compounds could establish H-bonding, Pi-Sigma, and alkyl interactions with the active site amino acids similar to ZYH (crystal ligand). For ZYH, hydrogen bonding was observed with GLY-177, carbon-hydrogen bond with SER-155 and SER-175, Pi-alkyl interactions with LEU-162, and LEU-241 (Figure 3). Among all the compounds, 4e, 4g, and 4f showed good binding affinity (-10.4 kcal/mol, -11.0 kcal/mol & -11.1 kcal/mol) with the enzyme compared to the others [Table.5].  These compounds displayed H-bond, Pi-Sigma, and Pi-alkyl interactions. Phenoxy acetamides containing p-chloro phenyl, adamantyl or cinnamoyl ring formed energetically favourable interactions at the active site in contrast to the aliphatic counterparts.  Figure 2 and 3 represents the binding pose of compound 4f and ZYH and various interactions formed with the enzyme.

Figure 2: Molecular docking of If  into the active site of Human MAGL. Click here to View figure

Table 5: Binding affinities of the molecules into the active site of the MAGL enzyme.

S.NO	Molecule	Binding Affinity (in Kcal/mol)	Interacted amino acids and type of interaction
1	Ia	-9.6	TYP-194, SER-122, HIS-269, ALA-51, MET-123(H-Bond), VAL-270 (Pi-Sigma) ,TYR-194 (Pi-Pi), LEU-148, LEU-213, LEU-241, ALA-51(Alkyl)
2	Ib	-9.4	TYP-194, HIS-121, SER-122, HIS-269, ALA-51, MET-123(H-Bond), VAL-270 (Pi-Sigma), TYR-194 (Pi-Pi), LEU-148, LEU-213, LEU-241, ALA-51(Alkyl)
3	Ic	-8.9	SER-155(Carbon-Hydrogen Bond), ALA-51, ILE-179, LEU-213, LEU-214(Pi-Alkyl)
4	Id	-9.0	ALA-51, MET-123 (H-Bond), SER-122 (Carbon-Hydrogen Bond), VAL-270 (Pi-Sigma), TYR-194(Pi-Pi)
5	Ie	-10.4	ALA-51, ME-123(H-Bond), VAL-270, LEU-241 (Pi-Sigma), TYR-194 (Pi-Pi), ALA-51, ILU-179 (Pi-Alkyl)
6	If	-11.0	ALA-51, HIS-121(H-Bond), LEU-213, VAL-270(Pi-Sigma), TYR-194(Pi-Pi), ALA-51, LEU-148, LEU-241, LYS-273(Pi-Alkyl)
7	Ig	-11.1	ALA-51, HIS-121, MET-123(H-Bond), LEU-241, VAL-270 (Pi-Sigma), TYR-194 (Pi-Pi), LEU-205, LEU-213, LEU-241(Alkyl), ALA-51, LEU-213(Pi-Alkyl)
8	ZYH	-9.9	GLY-177 (H-Bond) SER-175 (Carbon-Hydrogen Interaction), SER-155 (Carbon-Hydrogen Bond), PHE-159(Pi-Pi), LEU-162, LEU-214(Pi-Alkyl), LEU-214, LEU-213, ALA-156, ALA-151(Alkyl)

Figure 3: Molecular docking of reference compound ZYH into the active site of MAGL Click here to View figure

Conclusion

A series of phenoxy acetyl carboxamides (4a-4g) were synthesized and their structures were confirmed by spectral data. Compounds bearing piperidine and substituted piperidinone exhibited significant antioxidant activity. Compounds, 4f, and 4g exhibited good antinociceptive activity in central and peripheral models of nociception. In the case of 4f, there is a correlation between antinociceptive potentiality and antioxidant activity. Compounds 4b and 4f seem to open ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K_ATP channels), a possible mechanism for their peripheral nociception. The title compounds formed strong interactions with the MAGL enzyme, an emerging target in the field of nociception.

Acknowledgement

We are thankful to the UGC-SAP & DST-FIST, DST-CURIE Infrastructural facilities to carry out research and for providing FTIR spectrum.

Conflict of Interest

There are authors declare that no conflict of interest.

Funding Source

There are no funding Source.

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