Formation Process of Interpenetration Polymer Networking Composite Base on Poly Composite Polyurethane-Natural Rubber Assisted Montmorillonite as A Filler

Introduction

Interpenetrating Polymer Network (IPN) was made by using cross linking material which was synthesized withcondensation, addisionand propagation reactionsas well as used several monomers.Then, monomer was polymerized and cross linked. IPN is made base on several polymers where it is difficult to well mixture and result two phase (heterogen phase).Therefore, many researchers solve this problem by using IPN. This way was expected to generate the better material properties than the mixing polymer method base on large temperature and production of polymer.

Vivek (2013)has reported the synthesize of IPN by using sequential method with trans-esterification reaction. It showed that the thermal stability of IPN material is better than the pure polystyrene. The properties of IPN which was produced by (polyurethane (50 % ^w/_w): poly acrylic (50 % ^w/_w)  has a good mechanical and thermal properties but the hardness property is worst(Marinovic, 2010). Shoubing (2011)reported that IPN composite showed its thermal decomposition increase and may be used as well as waving mute. IPN may be produced base on composites of poly (3, 4-etylendiocsitiopene), Nitril Butadiene, andoxide polyetilene. The data showed the IPN has the high flexibility(Laurent, 2014). Nicolas (2014)also reported IPN  was synthesized by mixing polyetilenoxide and Nitril Butadiene Rubber.Pseudo-IPN was a polymer networking where was synthesized from mixing2,4-toluenebiisocianat and 1,4-butanadiol. It showed the elastomeric property (Amrollahi, 2011). Therefore, synthesize of IPN is needed.

In this paper, we reported synthesize of IPN with mixing Natural Rubber (NR)and polyuretan under condition solvent of toluenebiisosianat (TBI) andglycol polypropylene. The IPN composite may assist with adding monmorillonit (MMT).Also the characterizations of IPN are reported (Tensile Strength Test, Water Absorption Test, SEM, FTIR and DSC, respectively). The important point of this paper we would like to clarify formation process of IPN composite base on polyurethanes, natural rubber and monmorillonit materials.

Material and Method

Synthesize IPN

Synthesize IPN was carried out by using several steps namely: i) Natural rubber (90 phr)which have been masticated (see in supporting information) was added stearic acid (2 phr). It was mixed in internal mixer at 40^oC for 5minutes;ii) Adding 1 phr ZnO andmixedfor 1 menit; iii) Adding 1 phr MBTS andstirredfor5minutes;iv) Then, 0,5 phr sulphur was mixedand stirred for 1 hour; v) Subsequently, adding 10 phr polyurethaneand stirred for20minutes;vi) Finally, composite was compressed by using hot compressor as well as reference of ASTM D638 Tipe V.The molecule weight of natural rubber is shown in Table 1S (see in supporting information). The ratio amount of PU and NR are shown in Table 2S (see in supporting information).

Preparation of IPN Composite Withmontmorillonit as Filler

82 phr NR-PU was put in internal mixer and stirredat T = 140^oC. Then, it was added 18 phr MMT and stirredfor 15 minutes.Finally, composite was compressed by using hot compressor as reference at ASTM D638 tipe V under conditionsT= 140^oC for 15 minutes.  Ratio amount of Pu : NR : MMT was shown in Table 3S (see in supporting information).

Characterization of IPN Composite

IPN composite was characterized by using tensile tester (see in supporting information), Scanning Electron Microscope(SEM), and Differential Scanning Calorimeter(DSC).

Result and Discussion

FTIR Data]

Hasil Analisa Gugus Fungsi Poliuretan dari Toluena Diisosianat dan Polipropilena Glikol

Formation of IPN composite on polyurethane was characterized by using FTIR data(Figure 1).

Figure 1: FTIR Data of Toluene Diisocyanat (TDI), Polypropylene Glycol (PPG) and Polyurethane (PU)  Click here to View figure

 

FTIR data showadsorption band at 3299.92 cm^-1, indicating gugus N-H functional group andwave number (1713,14 cm^-1)appears as well as C=O (see supporting information Table 4S) . It is a character of urethanefrom polyurethane. In addition, the FTIRspectrum of polyurethane (2270.77 cm^-1) is changed. It indicates polymerization occurs due to isocyanides group (N=C=O) decreases. The weak peak appears at 2270.7 cm^-1, it means isocyanides still remains and reacts with polyol. Formation polyurethane is indicated by changing of functional group as well as reaction between TDI and PGG (see supporting information Table 5S and 6S), indicating polyurethane has good properties. Therefore, it may be used to synthesizeIPN composite.

Mechanic Properties

Mechanic tests (Universal System Mechine test) are carried out to understand well about effect of IPN with and without monmorillonit. Mechanic test data of IPN NR – PU (without montmorillonit) may be seen in Table 1.

Table 1: Mechanic test of IPN NR – PU

Ratio of NR : PU(phr)	Stress(×10-3)(Mpa)	Strain(%)	Modulus of Elastisity(x10-3) (Mpa)
100:0	12,56	65,13	19,28
90:10	22,22	82,02	27,09
80:20	23,11	96,21	24,02
70:30	15,71	86,84	18,09
60:40	10,68	37,24	28,68
50:50	0	0	0
40:60	0	0	0
30:70	0	0	0
20:80	–	–	–
10:90	–	–	–
0:100	49,25	5,53	890,60

 

Table 1 show the ratio of NR : PU (phr) 80 : 20 is the best among the others. The tensile strain, strength and modulus of elasticity increase with adding 20 phr polyurethane. In contrast, they will gradually decrease when PU amount is decreasing. It means amount of PU is very important to assist homogeny and compatible between NR and PU at IPN as well as to improve mechanic property. On the other hand, too much amount of PU will affect compatibility of NR and PU on IPN composite. It is consistent at ratio of PU (50, 60 and 70) where their tensile strength is zero. It means amount of PU is very important to produce IPN compatible and improving the mechanic properties of IPN composite. Furthermore, the stress and strain strength of ration NR: PU are shown in Figure 2 and 3, respectively.

Figure 2: Stress number versus Composition Ratio (Without Montmorillonit) Click here to View figure

 

Figure 3: Strain number versus Composition Ratio (Without Montmorillonit) Click here to View figure

 

The stress tensile number of NR : PU composite is lower than the 100% of PU. It causes distribution of phase between NR and PU is weak thereby stress number of NR : PU composite will be go down. For strain number, NR : PU composite is higher than pristine NR (without PU). It is caused PU assists to increase strain tensile of NR due to PU contributes to increase interfacial bonding between NR and PU for IPN composite.

Then, montmorillonit effect for IPN composite beyond mechanic properties is shown in Table 2.

Table 2: Mechanic test of IPN Composite (With Montmorillonit)

Ratio of	Stress(x10-3)	Strain(%)	Modulus of Elastisity
NR-PU : MMT (phr)	(Mpa)		(10-3) (Mpa)
82:18	6,48	65,78	9,85
80:20	9,98	92,97	10,73
78:22	10,67	109,89	9,71
76:24	12,31	124,58	9,88
74:26	18,92	150,14	12,60
72:28	14,13	140,00	10,09
70:30	6,92	107,29	6,45
68:32	6,00	96,94	6,19

 

The best composite base on mechanic properties is NR-PU : MMT (74 : 26). Stress and strain tensile of IPN composite with montmorillonit 26 phr as well as fillerincreasedue to interfacial bonding between NR-PU and MMU increase. It also may cause transition of pressure which generate good stress tensile. The other reasons, presence of montmorillonit contribute to homogenize of composite in term of synchronize phase. It means compatibility of composite increase. Briefly, it may be seen in Figures 4 and 5.

Figure 4: Stress number of IPN Composite versus Composition Ratio (With Montmorillonit) Click here to View figure

 

Figure 5: Strain number of IPN Composite versus Composition Ratio (With Montmorillonit)   Click here to View figure

 

Figures 4 and 5 show that composition ratio of NR-PU : MMT 82 : 18 phr has the smallest of stress tensile number(6,48 x 10^-3 Mpa), strain tensile number(65,78 %)and Modulus of  Elastisity(9,85 x 10^-3 Mpa) among the others. It causes amount of montmorillonit is too small. It will affect pressure transition, heterogenic phase will occur and composite will be incompatible.

SEM Analysis

The morphology of IPN composite is characterized by using SEM-EDS (Figures 6 and 7).

Figure 6: SEM image of IPN composite: Montmorillonit (74 : 26) Click here to View figure

 

Figure 6 show IPN composite’s shape is homogeny among natural rubber, polyurethane andmontmorillonit.Filler may affect stress and strain tensile due to there is surface interface binding. Surface of IPN composite is void and matrix cracking. It is caused effect of strain and stress tensile (Figure 6). There is a rapture and rigid area, indicating by homogeny of matrix phase. In addition, particles of montmorillonit are be well dispersed and inserted into natural rubber and polyurethane composite. Fortunately, montmorillonit particles which are be well inserted into NR-PU has not be destructed along composite process. It probes that IPN formation is exist. In owing to IPN networking just occur at interface binding.

Image of IPN composite with adding MMT (82: 18 phr) is shown in Figure 7. We may see decreasing effect of MMT to IPN composite.

Figure 7: SEM image of IPN Composite: Montmorillonit (82 : 18) Click here to View figure

 

Figure 7 show that decreasing amount of MMT will cause stress tensile decreases. It may explain that dispersion of MMT is non-homogeny. Therefore, matrix cannot bind MMT fluentlythereby interface between NR-PU and montmorillonit is weak. That is consistent with debonding at rapture area also decreaseand there is matrix cracking. Debonding occurs when adding montmorillonit decrease. The weak interaction causes stress tensile of IPN composite will be decrease as amount of filler decreasing effect (Savetiana, 2013). At low concentration of filler, the IPN composite rigidity is weak. It is caused chain formation of composite disperse non-homogeny (Jacob, J. 2010).

In this research, we found that optimize amount of montmorillonit on NR : PU matrix will produce good IPN composite base on mechanic properties. It may be caused compatible occurs at IPN composite. In contrast, too much amount of montmorillonit will be disrupt compatibility of all matrix components thereby the mechanic properties will decrease.

DSC Analysis

DSC data of IPN PU-NR composite is shown in Figure 8.

Figure 8: DSC data of IPN PU-NR Composite   Click here to View figure

 

Figure 8 is thermo gram of IPN NR – PUcomposite. DSC thermo grams will give information about transition glass (Tg), melting point (Tm), anddecomposition temperature. Briefly, thermal analysis of IPN NR : PU composite is shown in Table 3.

Table 3:  Thermal analysis of IPN NR-PU composite

Materials	Tg(oC)	Tm(oC)	Decomposition (oC)
NR : PU (80 : 20)	108,38	343,00	397,63
NR-PU : MMT (74 : 26)	122,29	363,53	391,78
NR-PU :MMT (82 :18)	120,89	340,30	344,19

 

Table11 shows Tg of NR-PU (108,38^oC), NR-PU-MMT (122,29 ^oC), and 120 ^oC probes thatproduction of IPN compositeis similar. NR-PU without montmorillonit has Tg is lower than NR-PU-MMT. It is caused montmorillonit is exist in IPN composite.Indicating IPN NR-PU-MMT compositehas Tg is higher than NR : PU(without MMT).

In addition, Tm of NR-PU : MMT is higher than NR : PU. That is caused IPN exist and it will increase the decomposition temperature of IPN composite.

Shobing  (2011) said existence of filler in IPN composite may be increasing thermal stability of NR-PU composite. Transition glass of IPN composite is proportional to homogeny of (heterogenic phase) (Marinovic, S. 2010). Over rate of scanningalso will cause Thermal-lageffect (Yulindo, Y. 2008).

In this paper we propose mechanism reaction of IPN NR-PU-MMTcomposite (Figure 9).

Figure 9: Mechanism of IPN compositeFormation  Click here to View figure

 

Conclusions

The best concentration of ratio composite to synthesize of IPN between Polyurethanes-Natural Rubber SIR-10 with the addition of Monmorillonit is at a ratio of 74 phr: 26 phr with a particle size of montmorillonite is average 413.3 ± 39.3 nm

The strainand stress tensile increase with the addition of 20 phr polyurethane at NR: PU (80: 20 phr) Montmorillonit assists to improve mechanic, morphology and thermal properties of IPN composite.

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