The Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles over Time on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of White Cotton Fabrics and Fabrics Died with Reactive Dyes

Introduction:

The main challenge for the textile industry today is modify production methods, so they are more ecologically friendly at a competitive price, by using safer dyes and chemicals and by reducing cost of effluent treatment/ disposal (Pokharna & Shrivastav, 2013).

Dyes are introduced into the environment as a result of several man-made activities (Ram et. al., 2012). The textile industry accounts for the largest consumption of dyestuffs, at nearly 80% (Easton J.R). The use of solar radiation for the photocatalytic oxidation of organic contaminants in waste water is fast developing application (Pokharna & Shrivastav, 2013).

In this regard, the heterogeneous photocatalytic oxidation processes has been extensively used in the literature for the degradation of dyes (Azbar et al.,2004 & Wu, et al. 2006). Photocatalytic treatments are based on in situ generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. These radicals are high oxidant species; they attack the most of organic molecules. They are also characterized by low selectivity of attack which is useful characteristic for an oxidant used in wastewater treatment. In the last decade, most attention has been given to Tio₂ due to its high photocatalytic activity, low cost, nontoxicity and high stability in aqueous solution [Hu et al. 1999). TiO₂ is generally considered to be the best photocatalyst and has the ability to detoxificate water from a number of organic pollutants (Kansal et al. 2007). Many studies have been reported related with textile dye and textile wastewater degradation using Ti_o2 as a catalyst [Guendy, 2009, Soutsas, et al. 2010, Kuo & Hu, 2006, and Poulios & Aetopoulou, 2010). Only a handful studies have been attempted which compare the efficiency of different catalysts for a particular dye under identical conditions (Barakat, 2015).

In this project it is tried to assess the impact of the TiO₂nanoparticles over the passage of time, at different times on the physical and mechanical properties of cotton fabrics. And even it tries to study dyed fabrics with natural dyes in reactive dyes, so that it can check the degradation and also beneficial and harmful effects on the TiO₂ Nano cotton fabric.

Coupling of two Semiconductors

Coupling of two semiconductors with different energy levels causes more effective separation of the charge. Hole created in the layer of cadmium sulfide capacity remains, but the electrons immigrate to the conduction band of titanium dioxide that has lower levels and causes the separation of the charge and improvement the efficiency of optical catalyst (Fig. 1)

Figure 1: Charge transport in coupled semiconductor of cadmium sulfide-titanium dioxide  Click here to View figure

 

Research Goals

The overall objective of this study was to achieve the following results:

1. Determining the decline of mechanical properties of fabric with nano- TiO₂ particles over the time of at least 6 months
2. Determining the effect of TiO₂ nano particles on dyed fabrics with reactive dyes over time
3. Comparing normal light radiation and UV light falling on the physical and mechanical properties of white and dyed fabrics as well as fabrics containing TiO₂ nano particles

Hypotheses

It is assumed  that nano- TiO₂ particles for their photo-catalytic properties and because they result in oxidation and reduction reactions, they can affect the physical and mechanical properties of fibers, and that the fibers are classified in the organic materials category, this hypothesis is strengthened because organic materials are more sensitive in compare with oxidizers and regenerative inorganic materials.

2. On the other hand, since the TiO₂ has photocatalytic properties, it can affect the stability of the light on colored fabrics. Especially, if light stability is tested by lamps with UV spectrum such as xenon lamps.

Data collection tools

Test collection tools in this research included: tables, sampling, laboratory and online databases and articles.

Findings from data analysis

Back from wrinkles

Figure 2 shows the crease recovery in the weft direction among the samples of white, yellow, white  treated with TiO₂and yellow treated with TiO₂under UV and figure 3 shows the crease recovery in the warp direction among the samples of white, yellow, white  treated with Ti_o2 and yellow treated with TiO₂ under UV.

Figure 2: Crease recovery in the weft direction among the samples of white, yellow, white treated with TiO2 and yellow treated with TiO2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 3: Crease recovery in the warp direction among the samples of white, yellow, white treated with TiO2and yellow treated with Tio2 under UV Click here to View figure

 

Flexural stiffness

According to figure 4 and 5, flexural stiffness of white fabrics operations has decreased a lot with increasing duration of UV, but after 48 minute intervals, samples go on a uniformity process.

Samples with Ti_o2 have had more flexural stiffness.

Figure 4: Comparing the flexural stiffness between original white samples with white samples treated with Tio2 under UV   Click here to View figure

 

Figure 5: Comparing the flexural stiffness dyed (yellow) samples with dyed (yellow) samples treated with Tio2 under UV   Click here to View figure

 

Strength gauge

According to figures 6 to 11, the tensile strength and force and strain in dyed samples,

Figure 6: Comparison of the forces on white samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 7: Comparison of the forces on dyed (yellow) samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 8: Comparison of the tensile strength on dyed samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 9: Comparison of the tensile strength on white samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 10: Comparison of the strain on dyed samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV  Click here to View figure

 

Figure 11: Comparison of the strain strength on white samples treated with and without Tio2 under UV Click here to View figure

 

Conclusion

The results from the experiments are as follows:

1. The results showed that Tio₂ caused the white samples fading out more i. e. The presence of TiO2 in white samples has led to higher reflection.
2. The presence of Tio₂ has led to more reflection on the yellow stuff.
3. UV operations in samples without Tio₂ have increased the color strength.
4. UV operations in the presence of Tio₂ decreased the strength of color and led to reflectance in samples.
5. The force level in dyed samples was higher and also, the samples with Tio₂ had less force.
6. The tensile strength is greater in dyed samples, but by adding Tio₂ this trend has reversed. The strain in white samples was higher and by adding Tio₂ this trend has been reversed.
7. The tensile strength, force and strain in dyed samples, initially in a period of 48 minutes in samples with Tio₂ were higher than in samples without Tio₂. But after a period of 48 minutes, it was reversed. So that after 196 minutes, this trend continued almost to its original state with a slight slope. After 98 minutes, the trend goes on a stable process.

The samples containing Tio₂ had more flexural stiffness.

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