Study of Seasonal, Spatial Deviation and Pollution Indices of Groundwater by Tannery Activities in Vaniyambadi, Vellore district, Tamilnadu, India.

Introduction

Ground water is the significant wellspring of water supply for household, water system and mechanical uses in Tamilnadu because of the regularly expanding interest to fulfill the necessities of a developing populace and close – add up to use of accessible surface water assets ^1-3. Three fourths of the state is underlain by Achaean crystalline rocks, which form aquifers with limited groundwater prospects. Increased groundwater removal from these aquifers rather than recharge has resulted in overuse of groundwater resources in many areas of the state ⁴. In addition, pollution of groundwater resources by agricultural practices and industrialization also poses a serious constraint in several parts of the state for its sustainable development and management. Water because of extraordinary dissolvable power, is always compromised to get contaminated effectively. Contamination in wide sense alludes to any change which causes misbalance in the characteristic nature of the earth achieved through physical, synthetic or organic procedures ^5,6.

Vellore area is comprehensively arranged into uneven territories and plain locales. For the most part sub– tropical atmosphere beats the locale. The ordinary normal yearly precipitation from four seasons is gotten. It is assumed that the quality of the water is determined by the results of tests of groundwater taken from wells in the Vellore region. Numerous tanneries located in the Vellore region have changed the water quality ⁷. In this way, it is fundamental to know the result of land manifestations and horticultural/mechanical exercises on groundwater science. Groundwater quality is the principle factor characterizing its propriety for utilization, household, cultivating and mechanical duties ⁸. The groundwater quality appraisal has been done by assessing the physico-chemical properties, for example, pH, Electrical conductivity, total dissolved salts, Total hardness, alkalinity, Calcium, Sodium, Magnesium, Potassium, Chloride, Nitrate, Nitrite. Barium, ammonia, heavy metals like Copper, Chromium, Lead, Zinc, Nickel, Aluminum, Cadmium. Natural contamination is a noteworthy risk to humankind in perspective of expanding industrialization, urbanization and populace development. Tanning industry has turned into a genuine ecological risk everywhere throughout the world [9 -10]. Ground water quality for the most part relies upon the land development of basic strata, the aquifers measure and the examining position. The sewage liquid and solid wastes hold significant amounts of chromium and added substantial harmful metals, natural issue, lime and sulfide ^11,23. Other than the labourers, agriculturists, youngsters and angler are predominantly influenced by contaminated water. Industries in these area have a noteworthy impact in sullying ¹². Three classifications of waste are discharged inside the leather business: wastewater (fluid), strong squanders (solids), and air emanations (vaporous). Information demonstrates that 50-150 liters of water is utilized for the transformation of 1 kg of crude skin into cowhide. After finish of the procedure, a similar amount is additionally depleted out ^{13 – 15}. Tannery works in these towns are genuinely influenced from word related sicknesses, for example, diabetes, asthma, chromium ulcers and skin maladies because of delayed utilization of polluted water ^{16 – 20} . The convenient and spatial deviation of nature of the groundwater is assessed and the outcomes uncovers that the vast majority of the examples are observed to be not reasonable for local and water system purposes and post storm water tests were more debased than pre monsoon water tests. In light of these parameters, groundwater has been evaluated in not support of its appropriateness for drinking and water system reason.

Pollution Indices and Risk Assessment

The prominent contamination files in particular contamination index (CI) and list environmental risk (I_ER) used to survey the upgrade of substantial metals and the possibility of unfriendly bearing on condition because of high centralization of toxic metallic element.  deliberate centralizations of distinct components also most extreme reasonable value established by BIS 2012 is used to ascertain the contamination records (pollution index and environmental risk index).

Contamination Index (CI)

Contamination Index is determined to survey the improvement of overwhelming metals in groundwater tests as for most extreme allowable points of confinement of BIS 2012 for discrete component utilizing

C.I = {(Cr ÷ 0.05) + (Cu ÷ 1.5) + (Zn ÷ 15) + (Fe ÷ 1.0) + (Cd ÷ 0.003) + (Ni ÷ 0.02) + (Mn ÷ 0.5) + (Pb ÷ 0.01) + (Al ÷ 0.2)} ÷ 7 Eq. (1). 

where the contamination index value, and Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cd, Ni, Mn and Al are the deliberate fixation at separately examining place isolated through most extreme admissible limit used for component. CI takes characterized to three classes in particular CI < 1 (not debased); CI 1-5 (marginally tainted) and CI > 5 (polluted).

Index of Environmental Risk (I_ER)

Index of Environmental Risk (I_ER) is a numerical esteem used to anticipate the likelihood of the event of the negative effect on condition by methods for explicit defilements (Rapant and Kordík, 2003). In the current examination, IER is determined to survey the extent of antagonistic effect of convergences of overwhelming metals on the water and to describe by and large pollution state in the Khetri copper mine area. I_ER for distinct groundwater test is determined through accompanying conditions (Eq. 2 and 3):

Where “I_ER” is the general record of natural danger of the example, Q_Eri remains index of environmental risk quotient of the i_th component, A_Ci stands  deliberate convergence of the i_th component and R_Ci is the greatest admissible focus limit (BIS, 2012) of i_th component.

Experimental

Sample Collection and Processing

The ten water samples were collected close to tanning industrial areas of Vaniyambadi taluks in Vellore district. The sampling bottles remained saturated with 10% HCl for twenty-four hours, so totally clean and rinsed with water.  Sampling bottles made of high-quality plastic bottle with 1 liter capacity rinsing with distilled water. groundwater samples were hold on at a pair of – 6°C temperature before analysis within the workplace.

Physico-chemical properties

The detailed procedures were implied by American Public Health Association [APHA]. Temperature was determined by Yokogawa TX 10-01 digital Thermometer.  pH determined by electrometric technique by using Fisher brand – Hydrus 100 pH meter.  Electrical Conductivity measured by Conductivity meter (Conductivity Meter: Model ELIC) , Turbidity was measured by using Turbidity meter -Nephelometer: Model CL 520 . Carbonate  and bicarbonate   determined by Acid – Base titration method using Phenolphthalein and Methyl Orange indicators, Total alkalinity  measured by Potentiometric titration method. The concentration of NH₃ was determined by using Flame Photometer: Model ELICO CL-378. TDS  evaluated by Gravimetric technique. Chloride ion  concentration measured by Argentometric method using Standard Silver nitrate link solution and Potassium chromate indicator, Sulphate (SO₄^2-) measured by Colorimetric method using UV-Visible Spectrometer – Model:Specord-200/Plus , Nitrate (NO₃^–) was analyzed by Kjeldhal method  using Kjeldhal (long neck flask) apparatus, Fluoride concentration was measured by Alizarin method. Calcium (Ca²⁺) and Magnesium (Mg²⁺) were determined by EDTA titration technique with Eriochrome Black-T (EBT) indicator and Ammonia Buffer. 

Heavy Metal Analysis

Fe, Ni, Cr, Pb Zn, Cu, Mn, Al, Cd determined by spectrometric technique using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer – Model: PerkinElmer-Analyst -400.  ABC Techno Labs Pvt. Ltd, SIDCO industrial estate, Ambattur, Chennai-600 098, Tamil Nadu. The obtained results were formulated, estimated and mentioned according to the values of  ‘Indian standard drinking water specification IS 10500: 1992’ of Bureau of Indian Standards.

Result and Discussion

Table 1: Observed Physico – Chemical properties of ground water samples in Pre-Monsoon.

S.No	Physico –chemicals	VN-1	VN –2	VN –3	VN –4	VN–5	VN –6	VN–7	VN-8	VN-9	VN-10
1	pH	7.98	8.05	6.95	6.51	6.94	8.02	6.72	7.28	7.21	8.28
2	EC	1980	2056	1685	2408	2640	2010	2900	2385	2450	1546
3	Turbidity	4.9	8.4	5	5.6	3.5	5.7	6.8	3.5	8.8	5.8
4	Alkalinity	587	488	564	648	587	450	395	684	854	456
5	TDS	1785	1258	1327	1175	1785	1647	1730	2340	1530	1254
6	Total Hardness	485	387	284	365	485	320	256	510	356	258
7	Calcium	315	286	186	232	315	456	254	315	304	369
8	Magnesium	73	56	96	85	73	53	32	45	65	92
9	Sodium	172	105	86	93	172	99	121	189	105	95
10	Potassium	15.75	13.83	22.82	12.71	15.75	16.52	11.47	15.75	13.83	22.82
11	Barium	9.32	11.54	13.52	18.26	9.32	9.57	7.83	8.54	11.62	13.52
12	Free NH3	0.29	0.32	0.24	0.35	0.29	0.86	0.38	0.09	0.25	0.65
13	Nitrate	37.3	28.5	18.59	34.5	37.3	17.7	19.4	37.3	32.64	22.8
14	Chloride	942	763	455	890	942	562	744	948	754	389
15	Fluoride	0.78	0.73	0.56	0.65	0.78	0.85	0.67	0.59	0.56	0.98
16	Sulphate	459	386	536	358	518	564	585	218	386	562
17	Phosphate	0.452	0.112	0.387	0.215	0.459	0.148	0.348	0.459	0.204	0.387

Note : Unit of all parameters = mg/L, but unit for Electrical Conductivity – µmho/cm, Turbidity – NTU & for pH – No unit

Table 2: Observed Physico – Chemical properties of ground water samples during post-Monsoon

S.No	Parameters	PRE –  MONSOON				POST- MONSOON
		Min	Max	Mean	Sd	Min	Max	Mean	Sd
1.	pH	6.51	8.28	7.087	0.645	6.88	9.34	7.87	0.65
2.	EC	1544	2955	2323.66	426.67	1700	3100	2520.33	416.63
3.	Turbidity	3.5	9.2	5.8	1.8	2.8	10.6	5.447	2.464
4.	Alkalinity	395	854	547.57	111.71	328	787	480.57	111.71
5.	TDS	1175	2340	1574.85	305	937	1622	1336.85	305
6.	Tot. Hardness	256	564	380.38	91.91	210	518	334.38	91.91
7.	Calcium	186	568	334.61	86.94	139	520	287.61	86.79
8.	Magnesium	32	98	66.66	20.41	17.11	89.06	53.65	20.23
9.	Sodium	80.25	189	122.25	36.78	64	150	100.47	31.92
10	Potassium	10.84	22.82	15.42	3.19	6.26	18.55	10.90	3.29
11	Barium	7.83	18.26	11.11	2.92	4.65	15.08	7.89	2.907
12	Free NH3	0.09	0.86	0.323	0.106	0.08	0.51	0.194	0.092
13	Nitrate  (NO3)	12.56	37.3	27.13	8.29	8.18	32.92	22.755	8.295
14	Chloride	389	948	749.85	181.26	345	893	698.76	178.75
15	Fluoride	0.35	0.98	0.685	0.151	0.18	0.81	0.514	0.16
16	Sulphate	218	652	452	123.98	164	595	394.38	122.9
17	Phosphate	0.112	0.702	0.357	0.151	0.088	0.556	0.262	0.144

Note : Unit for all mg/Kg except pH

Figure 1: Comparison of Physico chemical parameters of groundwater in both monsoon Click here to View figure

Hydrogen Ion Concentration (pH)

We observed that the pH estimation of water tests in the Vaniyambadi territory is inside as far as possible ran from 6.51 to 8.28 in the Pre monsoon and 6.88 to 9.35 in the post monsoon seasons portrayed by somewhat acidic to marginally soluble.

Electrical Conductivity (EC)

In the Vaniyambadi taluk examine region, the estimation of conductivity extended between 1544 µScm^-1 to 2955 µScm^-1 in the Pre monsoon and 1700 µScm^-1 to 3100 µScm^-1 in the Post monsoon seasons in groundwater

Turbidity

We observed that shifted from 3.5 to 9.2 NTU in the Pre monsoon and 2.8 to 10.6 NTU in the Post monsoon seasons Vaniyambadi taluk ponder zone

Total Alkalinity

In the Vaniyambadi taluk-ponder region, we observed that the range of increase in alkalinity of the groundwater test increased during the monsoon period from 395 mg/L to 854 mg/L and from 328 mg/L to 787 mg/L. in the post-monsoon period.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

TDS fixation in a large portion of the groundwater tests at Vaniyambadi territory are surpasses the alluring furthest reaches of 500 mg/L and up to 1500 mg/L is most extreme allowable limit. It fluctuated from extended from 1175 mg/L to 2340 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 937 mg/L to 1622 mg/L in the Post monsoon.

Total Hardness (TH)

In Vaniyambadi taluk the aggregate hardness was found in the examples was gone from 256 mg/L to 564 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 210 mg/L to 518 mg/L in the Post monsoon in ground water

Calcium (Ca²⁺)

In the Vaniyambadi taluk contemplate territory, we observed that convergence of Calcium in the ground water are differed from 186 mg/L to 568 mg/L in monsoon and 139 mg/L to 520 mg/L in the Post monsoon which demonstrates all  groundwater tests of the examination region surpasses the attractive furthest reaches of 75 – 200 mg/L

Magnesium (Mg²⁺⁾

In the Vaniyambadi taluk examine territory, we observed that centralization of Magnesium in the ground water are differed from changed from 32.0 mg/L to 98.0 mg/L in monsoon and 17.11 mg/L to 89.06 mg/L in the Post monsoon which demonstrates all the groundwater tests of the investigation region not surpassed the attractive furthest reaches of 30 – 100 mg/L

Sodium (Na⁺)

In the Vaniyambadi examine zone the we observed that grouping of Sodium in the ground changed from fluctuated from 80.25 mg/L to 189 mg/L in Pre monsoon and 64 mg/L to 150 mg/L in the Post monsoon which demonstrates all the groundwater tests of the investigation region not surpassed the attractive furthest reaches of Sodium is 50 – 200 mg/L

Potassium (K⁺)

In the Vaniyambadi examine region the we observed that grouping of Potassium in the ground shifted from changed from 10.84 mg/L to 22.84 mg/L in monsoon and 6.26 mg/L to 18.55 mg/L in the Post monsoon which demonstrates all the groundwater tests of the investigation region not surpassed the attractive furthest reaches of Potassium is 50 – 200 mg/L

Barium (Ba²⁺)

In the Vaniyambadi think about region the we observed that convergence of Barium in the ground changed from fluctuated from 7.83 mg/L to 18.26 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 4.65 mg/L to 717 mg/L in the Post monsoon which demonstrates all the groundwater tests of the investigation zone not surpassed the alluring furthest reaches of Barium is 50 – 200 mg/L

Free Ammonia (NH₃)

The admissible furthest reaches of Ammonia is 10 mg/L. In the investigation zone we observed that convergence of Ammonia in ground water at Vaniyambadi taluk shifted from differed from 0.09 mg/L to 0.86 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 0.08 mg/L to 0.51 mg/L in the Post monsoon. The allowable furthest reaches of Ammonia is 10 mg/L. Demonstrating that all examples not surpassed as far as possible (10 mg/L).

Nitrate

In the examination territory, we observed that convergence of Nitrate in ground water at Vaniyambadi taluk fluctuated from differed from 12.56 mg/L to 37.3 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 8.18 mg/L to 32.92 mg/L in the Post monsoon. The allowable furthest reaches of Nitrate are 100 mg/L. Demonstrating that all examples not surpassed as far as possible (100 mg/L).

Chloride (Cl^–)

The chloride fixation in the Vaniyambadi examine territory fluctuated from 389 mg/L to 948 mg/L in  monsoon and 345 mg/L to 893 mg/L in the Post monsoon (Table 5.3 and Fig 5.3). High grouping of CI may damage to a few people experiencing infections of the heart and kidney, taste, acid reflux; consumption and acceptability are influenced. Chloride Plays a vital job in adjusting dimension of electrolytes in blood plasma, yet higher focus can create hypertension danger of stork, left ventricular hypertrophy, osteoporosis, rental and asthma ^21-22.

Fluoride

In the investigation zone of Vaniyambadi taluk, we observed that centralization of Fluoride esteems differed from 0.35 mg/L to 0.98 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 0.18 mg/L to 0.81 mg/L in the Post monsoon (Table 5.3 and Fig 5.3). The passable furthest reaches of fluoride in drinking water are 0.6 – 1.2 mg/L as indicated by bureau of Indian standard (BIS). Demonstrating that the vast majority of the example beneath as far as possible.

Sulphate (SO₄^2-)

In the investigation region of Vaniyambadi taluk, we observed that convergence of Sulphate in ground water at Ambur taluk differed from 380 mg/L to 784 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 313 mg/L to 717 mg/L in the Post monsoon. Demonstrating that the vast majority of the examples over as far as possible (400 mg/L).

Phosphate (PO₄^2-)

We observed that grouping of Phosphate in ground water at Vaniyambadi taluk changed from 0.112 mg/L to 0.702 mg/L in the Pre monsoon and 0.088 mg/L to 0.556 mg/L in the Post monsoon. We found that Phosphate fixation isn’t higher in the majority of the examples at Vaniyambadi taluk.

Table 4: Observed heavy metal concentration in groundwater samples during Pre-Monsoon.

S.No	Heavy metals	BIS Limits	VN-1	VN-2	VN-3	VN-4	VN-5	VN-6	VN-7	VN-8	VN-9	VN-10
1.	Chromium	0.05	1.022	0.931	0.838	0.408	1.182	0.284	0.605	0.584	0.826	0.734
2.	Lead	0.01	0.318	0.252	0.302	0.168	0.224	0.169	0.411	0.115	0.32	0.422
3.	Zinc	5 – 15	5.38	10.05	16.42	10.08	14.43	9.24	8.66	9.38	13.56	10.38
4.	Iron	0.3-1.0	1.21	1.34	1.28	1.65	2.16	1.58	2.08	1.21	1.34	1.28
5.	Manganese	0.1 – 0.5	0.192	0.422	0.441	0.185	0.474	0.189	0.472	0.192	0.422	0.441
6.	Nickel	0.02	0.024	0.057	0.034	0.094	0.112	0.056	0.072	0.062	0.038	0.045
7.	Aluminium	0.03 – 0.2	0.275	0.828	0.542	0.634	0.967	0.952	0.556	0.464	0.524	0.342
8.	Cadmium	0.003	0.008	0.008	0.003	0.008	0.009	0.008	0.007	0.004	0.005	0.006
9.	Copper	0.05 – 1.5	5.45	7.84	3.58	4.32	6.56	5.54	8.55	5.28	4.32	6.02

Note: Unit of all heavy metal concentration – mg/L

Table 5: Observed heavy metal concentration in groundwater samples during Post-Monsoon.

S.No	Heavy metals	BIS Limits	VN-1	VN-2	VN-3	VN-4	VN-5	VN-6	VN-7	VN-8	VN-9	VN-10
1.	Chromium	0.05	0.995	0.604	0.511	0.081	0.855	0.122	0.278	0.584	0.826	0.734
2.	Lead	0.01	0.285	0.094	0.269	0.135	0.191	0.136	0.068	0.115	0.32	0.422
3.	Zinc	5 – 15	2.99	7.66	14.03	7.69	12.04	6.85	6.27	9.38	13.56	10.38
4.	Iron	0.3-1.0	1.145	0.782	1.219	1.584	0.586	1.512	2.014	1.210	1.340	0.858
5.	Manganese	0.1 – 0.5	0.147	0.377	0.396	0.14	0.429	0.144	0.427	0.192	0.422	0.441
6.	Nickel	0.02	0.004	0.037	0.014	0.074	0.092	0.038	0.052	0.064	0.038	0.046
7.	Aluminium	0.03 – 0.2	0.104	0.783	0.497	0.589	0.922	0.907	0.516	0.464	0.524	0.342
8.	Cadmium	0.003	0.006	0.004	0.006	0.007	0.008	0.007	0.009	0.004	0.005	0.006
9.	Copper	0.05 – 1.5	4.28	6.67	2.41	3.15	5.39	8.26	7.38	5.28	4.32	6.02

 

Table 6: Statistical description of heavy metal concentration in groundwater samples in both monsoon.

S.No	Heavy metals	PRE – MONSOON (N = 10)				POST – MONSOON (N= 10)
		Min	Max	MEAN	SD	Min	Max	MEAN	Sd
1	Chromium	0.284	1.46	0.776	0.295	0.081	1.46	0.648	0.35
2	Lead	0.032	0.422	0.205	0.119	0.032	0.422	0.173	0.111
3	Cadmium	5.26	16.42	10.54	2.828	2.99	14.16	9.747	3.027
4	Iron	0.76	2.16	1.379	0.373	0.586	2.014	1.226	0.413
5	Manganese	0.185	1.182	0.449	0.236	0.14	1.182	0.434	0.244
6	Nickel	0.018	0.678	0.088	0.134	0.004	0.678	0.0827	0.135
7	Copper	0.246	0.967	0.588	0.195	0.104	0.922	0.567	0.202
8	Zinc	0.003	0.009	0.0059	0.0019	0.003	0.009	0.0057	0.0016
9	Aluminium	2.46	8.55	4.896	1.681	1.86	8.52	4.823	1.982

Figure 2:  Comparison of heavy metal concentration of groundwater in both season Click here to View figure

Analysis of pollution using Contamination Index(CI) in Vaniyambadi region

Figure 3: Comparison of contamination index during in both season Click here to View figure

Table 7: Analysis of pollution using Index of Environmental Risk(I_ER) in Vaniyambadi region

Sample Code	Sample Location	Pre monsoon(IER)	Post Monsoon(IER)
Vnb-W1	Vaniyambadi Urban	54.07	46.61
Vnb-W2	Agaramcherri	52.56	26.07
Vnb-W3	Alangayam	49.01	37.86
Vnb-W4	Amburpettai	32.07	19.58
Vnb-W5	Devalapuram	58.92	44.92
Vnb-W6	Muslimpur	30.07	23.57
Vnb-W7	Noorullahpet	62.21	19.75
Vnb-W8	Periavarikkam	26.67	26.77
Vnb-W9	Perumalpet	51.67	51.67
Vnb-W10	Perumapattu	60.71	60.34

 

Figure 4: Comparison of index of Environment risk in in both season Click here to View figure

Table 8: Correlation coefficient of heavy metals in both season.

Pre monsoon
	pH	EC	Cr	Pb	Zn	Fe	Mn	Ni	Al	Cd	Cu
pH	1	-0.672	-0.165	0.166	-0.282	-0.225	-0.025	-0.122	-0.201	0.062	0.415
EC		1	0.126	0.015	-0.019	0.400	-0.153	0.201	0.253	0.325	-0.159
Cr			1	0.112	0.031	-0.045	0.028	0.015	0.062	0.282	0.308
Pb				1	0.031	0.033	-0.261	-0.235	-0.119	0.294	0.101
Zn					1	-0.045	0.063	0.011	0.145	-0.245	-0.225
Fe						1	0.028	0.336	0.267	0.428	0.519
Mn							1	0.015	-0.343	-0.149	0.078
Ni								1	0.062	-0.220	0.160
Al									1	0.282	0.029
Cd										1	0.308
Cu											1
Post Monsoon
pH	1	-0.714	-0.174	-0.037	-0.438	-0.425	0.104	-0.168	0.037	0.057	0.083
EC		1	0.461	0.114	0.361	0.171	-0.097	0.349	-0.150	-0.067	-0.043
Cr			1	-0.282	-0.027	0.191	0.029	0.013	0.538	-0.116	-0.138
Pb				1	-0.027	-0.093	-0.230	-0.364	-0.263	-0.099	-0.327
Zn					1	0.191	-0.323	-0.210	-0.473	0.200	-0.437
Fe						1	0.029	-0.058	-0.189	-0.197	-0.020
Mn							1	0.0134	-0.1069	-0.016	0.3104
Ni								1	0.538	0.011	0.269
Al									1	-0.116	0.449
Cd										1	-0.138
Cu											1

 

Table 9: The number of ground water sample falling in different risk range

IER values	Risk magnitude	Sample within the range of IER value (n=21)
0	No risk	_
≤ 1	Very Low risk	_
≤ 3	Low risk	_
≤ 5	medium risk	_
≤ 10	high risk	_
≤ 15	Very high risk	_
≥ 15	Extreely high risk	Vn-1, Vn-2, Vn-3, Vn-4, Vn-5, Vn-6, Vn-W7, Vn-8, Vn-9, Vn-10, Vn-11, Vn-12, Vn-13, Vn-14, Vn-15.

 

Pollution Indices and Risk Assessment

The wealth and appropriation of heavy metals alone are not adequate to survey their conceivable ecological effects; in this manner distinctive kinds of contamination records were determined to evaluate the heavy metal contamination status of groundwater. The contamination dimension of groundwater tests is ordered into various classes based on scales given in writing which gives more insights concerning the status of contamination. All the considered examples of Vaniyambadi area are in the profoundly sullying reach (≥ 15). Consequently, the two periods of test locales are very defiled based on determined CI esteems. Regarding IER values the water quality is exceptionally debased (≥15) for every one of the examples. The subtleties of the examples falling in various classes of natural hazard are given in Table 8. The most astounding IER values 62.21 and 60.71 are found at Noorullahpet Village and Ammur Perumapattu separately and mutually reduction in the amazingly high hazard (≥15) zone.

Conclusion

The grouping of various particles in groundwater tests was studied by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS), with a few examples being exceeded as much as possible. It has been discovered that groundwater in our examination region is unfit for local utilization dependent on the significant particle and follow investigation did in this examination. We observed that all the ground water tests collected in the Vaniyambadi taluks of Vellore locale were clear with no noticeable shading, smell and turbidity. The heavy metal (Cr, Pb, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, Al, Cd, and Cu) focuses information on groundwater tests for both pre and post monsoon from the Vaniyambadi locale demonstrates that their plenitudes in lion’s share of the examples exceeds as far as possible set by BIS, 2012. However, Cr is found in a lot higher fixation (pre and post monsoon separately) and exceeds as far as possible (BIS) in every one of the examples in both the seasons, which is because of draining of chromium-rich sulphides. What’s more, Cr is added versatile in  groundwater in respect to Cu because of high affectability to oxidation-reduction conditions. The connection framework demonstrates an anthropogenic source for Cu, Ni and Mn in the groundwater of the zone. Absence of relationship among’s Cr and heavy metals is because of event of Cr as Sulphide, anyhow sulphides and additionally its high affectability to evolving condition. pH indicates remarkable negative relationship with Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu and confirms the diminishing in pH of water with the pollution, while EC does not demonstrate any solid connection with the heavy metal as EC remains for the most part controlled by the significant particle science. The determined contamination records in particular CI and IER show that a large portion of the considered groundwater tests are in the very polluted zone and to a great degree hazard zone (>15).

Acknowledgement

I wish to thank Dr.A.Murugesan, Management, Principal and Department Head who permitted and supported me to carry out my investigation in the chemistry laboratory and also express my sincere thanks to Faculty members of chemistry department for their valuable support.

Conflict of Interest

The Authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Funding Sources

There is no funding source

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