Water Resource use and Management, Determination of Physical-Chemical Water Parameters in Radonique Lake

Introduction

Water is a substance without which there would have been no life on our planet. It is a constituent of all living plant and animal organisms.^1,2 Most of the water is found in the ocean (97%), or in the form of ice. Less than 1% of the planet’s water is destined for human consumption. The vast majority of fresh water is found in the form of groundwater.^2,3 Only one fraction (about 0.01%) of water is found in the form of surface water (lakes, rivers, etc.). This fraction is very important for ecosystems and human life.⁴ This natural resource is becoming increasingly scarce in some places, and its security is a major social and economic concern.

Experimental

With population growth and industry development, water demands are increasing, resulting in the formation of large quantities of polluted waters.^8,9 Polluted waters, in most cases, are poured straight into the natural streams of the lake, causing undesirable phenomena in the case of changing the organoleptic properties of water, such as wind and taste.^5,1

Figure 1: Sampling location in Radoniq lake Click here to View figure

 

Fine water quality parameters.^10,11 According to the WHO, the main parameters for drinking water can be divided into groups:

Organic-Leptic Parameters: Color, Blur, Wind, and Taste;

Physical-chemical parameters: temp, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides, sulphates, silicates, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, dried residue at 1800 C, dissolved O2;

Substances: NO3-, NO2, NH4 +, KMnO4, Total Organic Carbon (TOC), H2S, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, F, B, Cl2, Ba, Ag;

Toxic substances: As, Cd, CN, Cr, Hg, Ni, Sb, Se, pesticide;

Microbiological parameters: total coliform (Escherichia coli), fecal coliform bacteria, fecal streptococcus, total bacteria, etc.

Sampling Frequency

The sampling frequency and water quality analysis is determined in accordance with AI.^3,11 Based on the number of inhabitants, respectively the average daily amount of water entering a supply area.^6,7 This frequency is presented for each supply area in tabular form divided by the following routine.

Table 1: Determination of physical and chemical parameters in heavy metals in Radoniq lake.

Supply area RA 01 -1population / volume of water 76100 inhabitants – 25,360 m3 / day
R1
Parameters	Unit	Parameters Value	Monitoring point		No. Pattern
Potassium Bacteria	Number /100 ml	0	IT+RZ + RB		180
Escherichia coli	Number /100 ml	0	IT+RZ + RB		180
Residual chlorine	mg/l	0.2	IT+RZ + RB		180
Turbidity			IT+RZ + RB		180
R2 Controller Monitoring
Strom	–	–		RB	79
Color	–	–		RB	79
Flavor	–	–		RB	79

 

Table 2: Determination of the wind sensitivity threshold expressed by the system of points 0-5.

Column calculated at 22 oC and 37 oC		nr/mg/l	Without change		IT+RZ + RB		79
Ammonia		mg/l	0.5		RB		79
Chlorides		mg/l	250		RB		79
Flexibility		μS/cm at 20oC	2500		RB		79
pH		Njësi të pH	≥ 6,5 dhe≤ 9,5		RB		79
R2 Additive Monitoring
Antigens		μg/l	5.0			RB	5
Arsenic	μg/l		10	RB			5
Mercury	μg/l		1.0	RB			5
Cadmium	μg/l		5.0	RB			5
Chromium	μg/l		50	RB			5
Copper	mg/l		2.0	RB			5
Cianied	μg/l		50	RB			5
Enterococci	n/100 ml		0	RB			5
Fluoride	mg/l		1.5	RB			5
Lead	μg/l		10	RB			5
Manganese	μg/l		50	RB			5
Nickel	μg/l		20	RB			5
Nitrates	mg/l		50	RB			5
Nitrites	mg/l		0.5	RB			5
Selenium	μg/l		10	RB			5
Trihalomethanes	μg/l		100	RB			5
TOC	μg/l		Without abnormal cahnge	RB			5

 

Number of points	Intensity	Descriptive Determination
0	No smell	Era (Taste) is not dictated.
1	Very fragile taste	Eater (taste) is only dictated by people working in the lab.
2	Poor smell	Consumers can not discern if it is not known.
3	The smell that is dictated	Era and taste are dictated and may be a cause for complaints.
4	Era (Taste) clearly defined	The feeling of smell is easily dictated and can cause bad feelings to consumers (the consumer does not use it for drinking this type of water).
5	The wind (taste) is very strong	Era (taste) is of high sensitivity and water is inadequate for drinking.

 

Table 3: Number of wind sensitivity threshold depending on the volume of water.

Pattern- water with smell	Pattern- Water without smell	Volume of water pattern on cm3 diluted up to 200 cm3	Wind sensitivity threshold number	Windshield index
12,5	187,5	200	1	0
12,5	87,5	100	2	1
12,5	37,5	50	4	2
12,5	12,5	25	8	3
12,5	0,0	12,5	16	4

 

Water temperature measurement is done by immersion of the thermometer in the water and once the unchanged temperature value is achieved, the reading of the value is made. For instrument calibration use KCl solution, with 0.0100 mol dm-3 concentration at 25°C. This solution has an electrical conductivity at 25°C 1413 S cm-1 and is suitable for calibration to most of the water when using a constant-sized dipstick of 1-2 cm-1. If the measurement of the standard solution of KCl (RKCl) and the water being analyzed (Ru) is carried out at the same temperature, then the water conductivity analyzed at 25°C is equivalent to the expression:

pH value

Most natural waters have a pH value of 4.5-8.5 and these values, the most accurate determination of the pH value, is achieved by potentiometric measurements with the help of the glass electrode as the indicator electrode and the saturated electrode of the colomel . This pH measurement system is based on the fact that the pH change for one unit causes the electrical potential to change to 59.1 mV at 25°C.

Water Hardness

Water hardness, derived from dissolved salts of calcium and magnesium. Calcium and magnesium are found in natural waters, mainly in the form of bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides:

Ca(HCO₃)₂ = CaCO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O

During the water analysis, general and transitional hardness is determined, and permanent strength is calculated as the difference between the two. Water hardness is expressed in mg CaCO3 / dm3 water. The water affinity can be classified into several groups, but the measurements we make with the German units. Calculation:

V – the volume of Na2S2O3 spent on titration

F – the Na2S2O3 digestion factor

N – the normality of Na2S2O3

V1 – the volume of whisker bottle

V2 – the volume of reactants such as. 5 ml HCl.

Bacteriological parameters of water quality

During the monitoring of bacterial water treated, these parameters are defined:

Total number of coliform bacteria; (Esheria-kernel bacteria) – incubated at 37ºC;

nourishing terrain – Violet Red Bile -Agar.

coliform bacteria with fecal origin; ground nutrition – m – Endo Agar – Less.

Total number of aerobic arsophilic bacteria; nourishing terrain – Total plate count agar.

Bacteriological parameters of water quality

During the monitoring of bacterial water treated, these parameters are defined:

Total number of coliform bacteria; (Esheria-kernel bacteria) – incubated at 37ºC;

nourishing terrain – Violet Red Bile -Agar.

coliform bacteria with fecal origin; ground nutrition – m – Endo Agar – Less.

Total number of aerobic arsophilic bacteria; nourishing terrain – Total plate count agar.

Results and Discussions

This research presents the findings of the study including analysis and interpretation of the data analyzed. The data is presented in the table and interpreted by following the order of response to specific problem questions.

Table 4: Physico-chemical analyzes of untreated water and water treated average January 2017

Parametrat	Njësia	H- 1	H- 2	H- 3	H- 4	H- 5	Avg.	Max.	Min.
Water temperature	0C	10.5	10.1	9.7	9.2	9.1	9.72	10.5	9.1
Smell	–	less	less	less	less	less	–	–	–
Flavor	–	—	—	—	—	–	–	–	–
Turbidity	NTU	1.9	1.95	2.02	2.1	2.14	2.022	2.14	1.9
Color	Sh. Co-Pt	less	less	less	less	less	–	–	–
Value of pH		7.85	7.84	7.83	7.86	7.86	7.848	7.86	7.83
Sulfates	mg/dm3	21	21.5	21	22	21.5	21.4	22	21
m-alkaline		22	22.5	22.5	22	22.5	22.3	22.5	22
Total hardness	0 Dh	7.56	7.28	7.42	7.56	7.56	7.476	7.56	7.28
Electricity invasion	μ/cm	241	235	231	239	237	236.6	241	231
Waste dried	mg/dm3	144.6	141	138.6	143.4	142.2	142	144.6	139
Dissolved oxygen	mg/dm3	10.6	10.5	10.1	9.8	9.8	10.16	10.6	9.8
Free chlorine	mg/dm3	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–
Chlorides	mg/dm3	6.38	6.02	6.38	6.02	6.02	6.164	6.38	6.02
Expense of KMnO4	mg/dm3	6.63	6.79	6.32	6.63	6.32	6.538	6.79	6.32
Ammoniacal NH4 +	mg/dm3	0.19	0.21	0.18	0.17	0.16	0.182	0.21	0.16
Nitrates	mg/dm3	1.45	1.55	1.59	1.57	1.54	1.54	1.59	1.45
Nitrites	mg/dm3	0.009	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.008	0.009	0.01
Iron	mg/dm3	0.23	0.22	0.19	0.21	0.22	0.214	0.23	0.19
Manganese	mg/dm3	0.085	0.08	0.075	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.085	0.08
Phosphates	mg/dm3	0.95	0.93	0.9	0.87	0.85	0.9	0.95	0.85
Aluminum	mg/dm3	0.08	0.082	0.084	0.082	0.08	0.082	0.084	0.08

 

The following tables will show the researched results in Lake Radoniq about water resources management and management. The analyzes used in this topic are: physical-chemical analysis of water at five levels of Lake Radoniqi.

Table 5: Physico-chemical analyzes of untreated water and treated water mean January 2018

	Units	Max. Value allowed	Results of water on S.F
Parameters	Units	Drink water	Unproduced water	Produced water
Water temperature	0C	8 deri 12	5.1	6.2
Smell	–	without	without	without
Flavor	–	without	–	without
Turbidity	NTU	1,2-2,4	2.7	0.29
Color	Scale Co-Pt	10*-20*	without	without
Value of pH		6,8-8,5	7.64	7.56
Sulfates	mg/dm3 SO4-2	200	18	19
m-alkaline		–	22	21
Total hardness	0dH	30	7.14	7
Electricity invasion	μ/cm	500-1500	202	211
Waste dried	mg/dm3	1000	121.2	126.6
Dissolved oxygen	mg/dm3 O2i tr.	<5	10.5	11.2
Free chlorine	mg/dm3 Cl2	0,2-0,5	–	0.53
Chlorides	mg/dm3 Cl–	200-250	3.84	4.6
Expense of KMnO4	mg/dm3KMnO4	12-Aug	4.74	3.79
Ammoniacal NH4 +	mg/dm3 NH4+	0,10	0.12	0.07
Nitrates	mg/dm3 NO3	10	1.48	0.89
Nitrites	mg/dm3 NO2	0,005	0.007	0.0035
Iron	mg/dm3 Fe	0,3	0.19	0.06
Manganese	mg/dm3 Mn	0,05	0.07	0.03
Phosphates	mg/dm3 PO4–	3,0	0.51	0.06
Aluminum	mg/dm3 Al	0,2	0.06	0.09

 

Table 6: Average physico-chemical analysis of water treated in the supply network -2018.

Parameters	Units	Values max. Allowed in drinking water	Water supply network
Water temperature	0C	8 to 12	6.5
Smell	–	Without	Without
Flavor	–	without	without
Turbidity	NTU	1,2-2,4	0.27
Color	Scale Co-Pt	10*-20*	Without
Value of  pH	–	6,8-8,5	7.68
Sulfates	mg/dm3 SO4-2	200	21
m-alkaline	–	–	21.5
Total hardness	0dH	30	7.14
Electricity invasion	μ/cm	500-1500	245
Waste dried	mg/dm3	1000	144.6
Dissolved oxygen	mg/dm3 O2i tr.	<5	11.1
Free chlorine	mg/dm3 Cl2	0,2-0,5	0.32
Chlorides	mg/dm3 Cl–	200-250	6.38
Expense of KMnO4	mg/dm3KMnO4	12-Aug	3.31
Amoniacal NH4+	mg/dm3 NH4+	0,10	0.06
Nitrates	mg/dm3 NO3	10	0.87
Nitrites	mg/dm3 NO2	0,005	0.002
Iron	mg/dm3 Fe	0,3	0.03
Manganese	mg/dm3 Mn	0,05	0.02
Phosphates	mg/dm3 PO4–	3,0	0.05

 

Table 7: Average of the results of the bacteriological analyzes of untreated and treated water for 2018.

No.	Cfu	Bacteriological examination	Water untreated	Water during treatment (flocculation-coagulation)	Handled water
		Rate	ResultCfu / ml	ResultCfu / ml	ResultCfu / ml
1	Total number of coliform bacteria in 100 ml.	010 ose 5100 ose 10	70	20	0
2	Folical coliform bacteria in 100 ml	0	E- coli	E- coli	0
3	Total number of mesophilic aerobic bacteria.	1010030	80	30	0

 

Conclusion

Radoniq Lake water quality is influenced by natural factors and human activity in the watershed area. The results of the study confirm that the objectives were focused on the problem of drinking water treatment and feasible. The key parameters for water quality are assessed in accordance with WHO recommendations.

These parameters are evaluated for water at five different levels of the lake, for water prior to treatment, during treatment and post-treatment phases as well as in the supply network. This information is useful to change the level of water intake from the most appropriate layer according to seasons and climatic conditions. The average water temperature varies from 9.72 oC from the bottom to the lake surface and there are no significant changes from one year to the next.

During 2018, the average turbulence at five levels of the lake fluctuated at the 2,022 NTU interval. The average pH values ​​are above 7 and do not differ during the year or year to year. Electrical conductivity ranges from 7.848 μS / cm-1. During 2018 the average oxygen value dissolved at different depths of the lake results to be 10.16 mg / l.

The expenditure of KMnO4 can be considered as a measure of the content of organic substances in water. The KMnO4 Expense Values ​​range from 6.79 to 6.32. The content of Fe is low. The highest values ​​are 23 mg / l water. For phosphorus the highest values ​​are 0.95. The average nitrites in five levels fluctuate to about 0.008 mg / l. The bacteriological parameters analyzed in the treated water as well as in the supply network water do not present the presence of bacteria (total coliform bacteria, coliform bacteria of fecal origin, or Esherichio coli).

Recommendations

Adopting as soon as possible the National Strategy for Drinking Water in the Municipality of Gjakova. Completion of the legal basis for water and its harmonization with the European Union Directives:

Promotion of sustainable use of water resources;

Construction of wastewater treatment plants;

Setting up measures for saving water in all sectors;

Maintenance and expansion of the water supply and sewerage system;

Increased cooperation and information between central and local institutions;

Realization of scientific research in the field of waters, especially in the exploration of underground water resources;

Raising the level of awareness and education for the sustainable protection and use of water resources;

Measure as accurately the water produced and consumed;

Detecting illegal connections;

Best network maintenance;

Expanding the network;

Further development of the management information system;

Further development of the Office of Customer Relationships.

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