Estimation of preptin in serum of Thyroid Dysfunction Patients and its Relationship with other Parameters

Introduction

Disorder of thyroid gland can be classified into: hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. In hypothyroidism   mention to the usual pathological condition of TH inadequacy. If untreated, it can lead to significant contrary health impact and in the end loss of life.¹ The marks for diagnosis hypothyroidism are non-specific, principally in elderly patients who present with fewer classic signs symptoms than younger humans. Hypothyroidism has clinical system is the almost strictly studied. Hypothyroidism produce elevated vascular resistance, reduced cardiac output, reduced left ventricular function, and change several other symptoms of cardiovascular contractility.²  Hyperthyroidism is an extreme concentration of TH in tissues caused by elevated synthesis hormones, extreme free of performed TH an endogenous or exogenous extra thyroidal origin.³ The clinical features of hyperthyroidism ranges from a symptomatic to thyroid storm. Increased TH levels raise catecholamine signaling through elevated numbers of cell surface beta- adrenergic receptors.⁴

Preptin is recently evolved peptides critical for controlling energy metabolism. Preptin is synthesized firstly in the pancreas, salivary gland, mammary tissue, and kidney. The first roles of preptin is controlling carbohydrate metabolism by moderating glucose-mediated insulin free.⁵ Preptin was first isolated from the pancreatic beta-TC6-F7 cell lines of rats by Bucham and colleagues in 2001. Some peptide hormones show a high degree of resemblance. Scientists have classified certain hormones with analogne structures and distinguish in hormone families (e.g., the pro-opio melanocortin (POMC) hormone family).⁶  Diabetes manifested as a group of metabolic disorders with a usual phenotype of elevated blood glucose level (hyperglycemia). A lot of factors contribute to this widely disease, like fatness, sedentary life-style and high blood pressure.

The pathogenic pathway involved in hyperglycemia involve autoimmune demolition of pancreatic insulin excreting cells (β-cells) leading to insulin lack and anomalies that give to insulin resistance.^7,8 The aim of the study The measurement of the concentration of the Preptin hormone, which is a recent study in terms of measuring the concentration in the serum of patients with thyroid dysfunction.

Subject

One handered fifty individuals with age ranged between (20-45) year were enrolled in this study. They were divided into five groups: group one (G1) consisted of 30 hypothyroidism. The two group (G2) consisted of 30 patients with hyperthyroidism. And three group (G3) consisted of 30 healthy group, four group (G4) consisted of 30 patient with diabetes, and five group (G5) consisted of 30 patient with diabetes & hypothyroidism. The patients attended the specialized center for Endocrinology and Diabetes during June 2017 to August 2017. People with osteoporosis and heart disease were excluded as did women with multiple polycystic ovaries (PCOS).

Specimens Collection and Analysis

Five milliliters of blood were collected from all fasting subjects The serum obtained was used to determination of Preptin, thyroid hormones [Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), Total triiodothyronine (TT3), Total tetra iodothyronine (TT4)], fasting blood glucose (FBG), Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), Vitamin D3 (V. D3), Insulin resistance, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), and Calcium.

Methods

The Preptin hormone was measured according to Sandwich- Elisa technique, TT3, TT4, TSH were measured according to ELFA. Vitamin D3 was measured according to Competitive-ELISA. HbA1c was measured according to The Bio-Rad VARIANT Hemoglobin A1c programme, FSH and LH were measured according to sandwich immunodetection method. Glucose was determined after enzymatic oxidation in the presence of glucose oxidase (GOD), calcium was method is based on the specific binding of cresolftalein complexone (OCC), a metal-chromic indicator.

Statistical Analysis

The data were statistically analyzed by using the computer IBM SPSS program version 25. The data were expressed as mean ± SE, ANOVA table and Duncan test were used to express the significant differences among the studied groups.

Results and Discussions

Body Mass Index (BMI)

The mean value ± SE of BMI for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (1). And figure (1) the results show a non-significant change of all groups (p > 0.05) in male but in female show significant in hyperthyroidism, diabetes, and control compared with hypothyroidism and diabetes & hypothyroidism of (p ≤ 0.05). The values of the results are high in female and statically significant, fatness was significantly higher among female than among male which are consistent with other research, and in consistent with others (9).

Table 1: BMI studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes& hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean± SE
Male	37.9 ± 0.5 a	21.4 ± 0.5 a	34.9 ± 0.8 a	38.3 ± 0.4 a	25.0 ± 0.8 a
Female	38.1 ± 0.5 a	22.2 ± 0.5 d	35.9 ± 1.0 b	38.9 ± 0.3 a	24.9 ± 1.0 c

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 1: BMI in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Preptin Hormone

The mean value ± SE of BMI for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (2). And figure (2) the results show a non- significant change in hyperthyroidism and control (p > 0.05) but result show a significant in hypothyroidism, diabetes, and diabetes & hypothyroidism (p ≤ 0.05). of males and females, there is no literature to explain the relationship between the hormone preptin and thyroid dysfunction, but the interpretation can be predicted the mechanism of hormone preptin that in the case of hunger will need the body to energy and this energy comes from glucose and when eating a meal will rise blood sugar ratio, which leads to rise of insulin hormone and therefore increases the hormone preptin also in the case of hypothyroidism suffers from slow metabolism, high insulin hormones well as preptin hormone, vice versa in case of hyperthyroidism. But diabetes mellitus show a significant this is confirmed by literature where it was shown the concentration of preptin levels were higher in patients with diabetes mellitus.¹⁰

Table 2: Preptin concentration in studied groups according the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	2638.4 ± 280.0 b	589.0 ± 90.1 d	2085.5 ± 282.8c	3314.3 ± 177.3 a	384.7 ± 62.4 d
Female	2960.4 ± 256.6 b	993.2 ± 103.9 d	2465.6 ± 282.4 c	3179.4 ± 265.7 a	427.8 ± 60.4 d

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 2: Preptin concentration in studied groups according the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)

The mean value ± SE of FBG for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (3). And figure (3) the results show a significant change of hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, and control compared with diabetes& hypothyroidism and diabetes (p ≤ 0.05) in male and female. Note that the results of the statistics were high in diabetes & hypothyroidism and diabetes. The literature has shown that diabetes mellitus is a chronic heterogeneous illness in which there is dysregulation of carbohydrates, protein and lipid metabolism, leading to increased blood glucose levels.¹¹

Table 3: FG concentration in studied groups according the gender

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	88.0 ± 2.8 b	83.0 ± 2.1 b	332.8 ± 16.6 a	342.7 ± 25.5 a	89.9 ± 2.7 b
Female	88.9 ± 2.7 b	88.4 ± 1.8 b	329.4 ± 17.6 a	343.0 ± 14.2a	88.9 ± 2.7 b

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 3: FG concentration in studied groups according the gender. Click here to View figure

 

HbA1c

The mean value ± SE of HbA1c for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (4). And figure (4) the results show a significant change of diabetes and diabetes & hypothyroidism compared with hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and control (p ≤ 0.05) in male and female. The literature confirmed that Hba1c is a helpful foreteller of diabetes danger in childhood and can be applied to identify prediabetes in childhood with other type 2 diabetes danger factor with the same predictive value as FPG (12).

Table 4: HbA1c concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	5.0 ± 0.1 b	4.9 ± 0.1 b	12.4 ± 0.6 a	12.2 ± 0.8 a	4.8 ± 0.1 b
Female	5.0 ± 0.1b	5.0 ± 0.1b	10.5 ± 0.4a	10.9 ± 0.8a	4.9 ± 1.5b

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 4: HbA1c concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Insulin Resistance (IR)

The mean value ± SE of BMI for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (5).  And figure (5) the results show a significant in diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism and control (p ≤ 0.05), but show non-significant in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism (p > 0.05) of male and female, in a thyroid disorder, thyroid hormones have a significant impact on glucose metabolism and the development of insulin resistance. In hyperthyroidism there are scarce studies of the impact of hypothyroidism on glucose metabolism than those assessing insulin resistance in patient with hyperthyroidism. In hyperthyroidism is a case involves a significant elevated in the level of tissue metabolism.¹³ IR is one of the key factors in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The spread of thyroid disorders has elevated¹⁴ along with the elevated spread of diabetes mellitus and IR globally in recent years.

Table 5: Insulin resistance concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	8.6 ± 0.3 c	9.0 ± 0.4 c	33.6 ± 1.7 b	38.2 ± 2.3 a	1.7 ± 0.4 d
Female	8.9 ± 0.3c	8.6 ± 0.5c	35.2 ± 1.8b	40.1 ± 1.2a	1.3 ± 0.1d

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means

Figure 5: Insulin resistance concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Calcium

The mean value ± SE of Calcium for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (6). And figure (6) the results show a non-significant change of all groups (p > 0.05) in male and female.  This is because the conditions of the study is that the samples are non- osteoporosis and calcium is considered with vitamin D3 proof of the free sample from the disease of osteoporosis.

Table 6: Calcium concentration in studied groups according the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes& hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	9.6 ± 0.1 a	9.6 ± 0.2 a	9.7 ± 0.2 a	9.6 ± 0.1 a	9.5 ± 0.2 a
Female	9.4 ± 0.2a	9.6 ± 0.2a	9.5 ± 0.2a	9.4 ± 0.2a	9.4 ± 0.2a

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 6: Calcium concentration in studied groups according the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Vitamin D3

The mean value ± SE of Vitamin D3 for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (7). And figure (7) The results show a non-significant change of all groups (p > 0.05) in male and female. This is because the samples should be free from osteoporosis and the appearance of a non- significant change is evidence that people are healthy and without osteoporosis shown in figure (3).

Table 7: Vitamin D₃ concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes &  hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	42.6 ± 0.6 a	44.3 ± 1.6 a	43.7 ± 1.0 a	43.4 ± 0.7 a	43.5 ± 1.6 a
Female	43.9 ± 1.0a	42.3 ± 1.5a	42.9 ± 0.8a	43.1 ± 0.8a	43.0 ± 1.5a

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 7: Vitamin D3 concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

TT3

The mean value ± SE of TT3 for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (8). And figure (8) the results show a significant change of hyperthyroidism compared with other groups (p ≤ 0.05) in male and female. According to the literature which confirmed that in the case of hypothyroidism there is not enough production of T3, it is considered the most common condition in puberty. While in the case of hyperthyroidism the thyroid gland increased amounts of T3¹⁵ This confirms the validity of the results research and their conformity with the literature.

Table 8: TT3 concentration in studied groups according to the gender

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	0.3 ± 0.09 c	11.9 ± 0.5 a	1.7 ± 0.1 b	0.3 ± 0.07 c	1.7 ± 0.1 b
Female	0.3 ± 0.09c	11.9 ± 0.5a	1.6 ± 0.1b	0.3 ± 0.07c	1.7 ± 0.1b

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 8: TT3 concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

TT4

The mean value ± SE of TT4 for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (9). The mean value ± SE of TT4 for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (8). And figure the results show a significant change of hyperthyroidism compared with other groups (p ≤ 0.05) in male and female. According to the Duncan test. The main reason for the emergence of a result T4 high in the case of hyperthyroidism is the thyroid gland free increased amounts of T4, but hypothyroidism there is not enough production of T4,¹⁵ this confirms the validity of the results research and their conformity with the literature.

Table 9: TT4 concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	33.5 ± 2.1 c	142.6 ± 3.0 a	88.4 ± 1.0 b	34.4 ± 2.7 c	90.5 ± 3.3 b
Female	36.0 ± 2.8c	145.8 ± 3.5a	88.9 ± 4.0b	33.0 ± 2.2c	92.5 ± 3.7b

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 9: TT4 concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

The mean value ± SE of TSH for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (10). And figure (10) the results show a significant differences in control and diabetes compared with other groups, previous literature showed that the first test to know that the patient is infected with hypothyroidism is that test TSH is high this is confirmed by the results in the case of hypothyroidism and diabetes & hypothyroidism.¹⁶

Table 10: TSH concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	38.8 ± 3.0 b	0.1 ± 0.02 d	1.8 ± 0.4 c	47.6 ± 2.8 a	1.6 ± 0.3 c
Female	32.6 ± 3.4b	0.1 ± 0.02d	1.9 ± 0.3c	38.0 ± 4.2a	2.2 ± 0.4c

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between mean.

Figure 10: TSH concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

The mean value ± SE of LH for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (11). And figure (11) the results show a non-significant change of all groups (p > 0.05) in male and female, the main reason for show a non-significant change is that the samples should be uninfected with multiple polycystic ovaries in females, and males should be infertile.

Table 11: LH concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	3.7 ± 0.5 a	3.2 ± 0.6 a	3.2 ± 0.6 a	4.2 ± 0.8 a	2.6 ± 0.5 a
Female	3.5 ± 0.6 a	4.3 ± 0.6 a	4.0 ± 0.6 a	3.8 ± 0.6 a	4.1 ± 0.7 a

 

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means.

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means.

Figure 11: LH concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

The mean value ± SE of FSH for hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, diabetes & hypothyroidism, and control are respectively shown in table (12). The results show a non-significant change of all groups (p > 0.05) in male and female, the main reason for show a non-significant change is that the samples should be uninfected with multiple polycystic ovaries in females, and males should be infertile.

Table 12: FSH concentration in studied groups according to the gender.

Gender	hypothyroidism	hyperthyroidism	diabetes	Diabetes & hypothyroidism	control
	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE	Mean ± SE
Male	5.8 ± 0.6 a	5.2 ± 0.6 a	5.5 ± 0.6 a	5.1 ± 0.6 a	5.5 ± 0.7 a
Female	5.7 ± 0.6a	6.3 ± 0.6a	5.9 ± 0.5a	6.3 ± 0.4a	6.0 ± 0.6a

 

Similar letters: No significant difference (p > 0.05) between means

Different letters: Significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between means

Figure 12: FSH concentration in studied groups according to the gender. Click here to View figure

 

Conclusion

The results of the current study proved that the hormone preptin increased concentration in the case of hypothyroidism, hypothyroidism & diabetes and diabetes, while there is no change in concentration in the case of hyperthyroidism.

Other life variables were also studied BMI where the results showed higer females compared with male in all groups, and a rise in the TSH in hypothyroidism and diabetes & hypothyroidism compared with other group, while shown low result in hyperthyroidism compared with other groups.

But calcium, vitamin D3, FSH, and LH were non- significant because of people with osteoporosis and heart disease were excluded as did women with multiple polycystic ovaries.

Acknowledgments

I would like to thank you, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Education Ibn Al-Haytham for Science, University of Baghdad,  to complete this article.

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