Effluents quaity of  woolen industrial units and efficiency of waste water treatment plant at  Jorbir, Bikaner, Rajasthan (India)

Introduction

The woolen industry of Bikaner is known to be one of the oldest and most revenue generating economic activity. The woolen industrial market “mandi” of Bikaner which is the exclusive one in the entire Asia region in terms of size has made the place a famous carpet-weaving destination of Rajasthan. With this regard a separated carpet and textile industry zone is under establishment in Bikaner in RIICO karni industrial area, Bikaner.

Today, indicating economic self-sufficiency and employment scopes, the Bikaner Industries continue to grow beyond leaps and bounds. The fibers used in the woolen/carpet industry may be broadly classified into four groups: cotton, wool, regenerated and synthetics. The characteristic of the waste from the mill depends on the type of fiber and chemicals, dying used as different type of fibers and chemical go through being sent out of the mill. The pollutants are the waste water includes the natural impurities in the fibers used, and the processing chemicals The entire liquid waste from the Carpet and Wool Dying industry comes from the following operation of slashing (or sizing), scouring and desizing, bleaching, mercerizing, dying, and finishing. Enzymes are usually used in India to hydrolyze the starch; acids may also be used for this purpose. Caustic soda, soda ash, detergents etc re used in scouring in Kier boilers. Replacement of soap used in scouring by low BOD detergents may reduce BOD load by 35%. About 50% of the total pollution load of the mill is contributed by this section. Bleaching operations use oxidizing chemicals like peroxides and hypochlorite to remove natural coloring materials. This section contributes about 10% of the total pollution load. Mercerizing consists of passing the cloth/wool through 20% caustic soda solution. The process improves the strength, elasticity, luster and dye affinity. Waste from this section is recycled after sodium hydroxide recovery. Negligible waste which may come out of this section contributes little BOD but a high degree of alkalinity. Dying may be done in various ways, using different types of dyes and auxiliary chemicals. Classes of dye used include vat dyes, developing dyes, naphthol dyes, sulfur dyes, basic dyes, direct dyes etc. Some years ago, Govt. of india had handed over its responsibilities of implementation and monitoring of industrial effluent standards to the central pollution control board and related state pollution control board, whose prime aim is to promote the industries, not to penalize them for the cause of environmental pollution. However, this implementation and monitoring of standards given to cpcb  has no longer effectives. In Bikaner, all most all water resources have turned to ecologically dead due to indiscriminate discharge of sewerage and other industrial effluents thought its stretch passing across the city. Moreover, the large fraction of number of industrial set up has been set up in Bikaner city. Among them, more than 40 percent of the industries are of water polluting nature and hence the overall industrial pollution in the Bikaner is even very high and more serious. . Most of these establishments are in the near by or attached public residential area. To address the pollution from the dying industries and domestic sewerage, five years back, a biological treatment plant has been constructed at Jorbir areain Bikaner, it has been said that this treatment plant is also not functioning well and expected results has not been achieved. So to address the issues of woolen industrial; pollution, Efficiency of treatment plant and compliance monitoring of some selected 10 wool Dying industries were aimed from this study.

TABLE 1.0 Water polluting Industries in Bikaner city-

Locations	Total industries  (2010)	Industries in Bikaner city	% of total Industry in city
Total industries	4271	2174	50.9
Water polluting industries	1714	1241	72.4
Woolen industries	068(recognized)	052(Non recognized)
Ref.Source: State pollution controll board, dept. of industries Raj . Govt.2011-12

 

Experimental

Ten major woolen industries situated in different Industrial areas of Bikaner City were selected for the study purpose. Besides of these woolen industries the city waste water treatment plant was also selected and studied with

respect to analyse its treatment efficiency. Samples were duly collected and analysed with reference to using standard methods and tested against eight parameters in high quality laboratory during the period of Aug-2011 to JAN-2012. All the reagents were used of AR grade and glassware used of standard quality.

FIG.2.1   SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF THE WASTE STABLISATION POND STP BIKANER Click here to View Figure

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE NO -2.0  List of Industries selected for compliance Study of Industrial Effluent Standards

SAMPLE NO.		Name of Industry	Established	No. of employee	Current Production	Contact person and details	Consentstatus
1		ARIHANT WOOL TEX[P] LTD	1992	45	25 tons/month	Mr. Birendra Joshi ,manager	VALID
2		ARORA TEXTILES	NA	10	10 ton /month	Mr. Madan Sharma, Supervisor ,	VALID
SAMPLE NO.		Name of Industry	Established	No. of employee	Current Production	Contact person and details	Consentstatus
3		BHAWANI WOOLTEXF	NA	10-12	10 to 30 tons /month	Mr. Suman Das Rajbhandari, Incharge	VALID
4		CHANDAK CARPETS	1999	15	6 to 10 tons/month	Mr.Manoj Dhungana ,	NOT APPLIED
5		D.K. WOOLEN INDUSTRIES [P] LTD	NA	15	8 to 10 tons/month	Mohan KC,	VALID
6		DAULAT BIO FIBRE	NA	16	12 tons/month	Mr.Deepak	PENDING
	7	INDIAN WOOLEN AND TEXTILE	NA	18	15 tons/month	Mr. Raj Kumar YadavTel: ……..	PENDING
	8	SHAKTI SCOURING& MILLING MILL	1986	6	2 tons/month	Mr. Chandra Kant Chaudhary	APPLIED
	9	SONA WOOLEN TEXTILE	NA	5	1 ton/month	Mr. Om Prakash Gupta, Dye Master ,	APPLIED
	10	SURANA WOOLEN TEXTILE	1991	8	8 to 12  tons/month	Mr. Laxmi Gupta, Dye Master ,	VALID
	Note: The raw wool were brought from Rajasthan,Tibet and Netherlands, Newziland, Australia.The chemicals basically Acetic Acid, LYOZEN SMK, Yellow 2GLN, Metal Complex and several dying  etc has been used for dying.NA : Not Available

 

Results and discussion

Tableno-3.0  Monitoring Result of Ten Wool Dying Industries effluent Load 

Parameters	Units	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9	S10	Govt Standard
Suspended Solids	mg/L	66	52	258	310	6	38	68	48	348	9	100
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at 200 C)	mg/L	150	150	200	610	550	625	150	300	1750	40	100
Oil and grease	mg/L	102.8	65.80	107.8	38.8	60.80	74.80	66.80	22.40	190.6	19.80	10.00
COD	mg/L	300	375	425	1500	850	1000	212.5	400	2000	110	250
Total Chromium (as Cr)	mg/L	0.10	0.29	0.12	0.96	0.03	0.05	0.07	0.13	0.02	0.04	2.0
Parameters	Units	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5	S6	S7	S8	S9	S10	Govt Standard
Sulphide (as S),	mg/L	12	10	6	26	10	12	14	12	18	16	2.0
Phenolic compounds (as C6 h5 OH)	mg/L	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)      5	5.0
pH Value	–	7.2	7.56	6.66	11.17	4.61	4.47	3.71	6.75	4.45	7.05	5.5-9.0

 

TABLE NO-4.0 THE CHARACHTERSTICS OF A TYPICAL WOOLEN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT  

PH	9.8-11.8
Toal Alkalinity	17.35mg/l asCaCo3
BOD	760 mg/l
COD	1418mg/l
Total solid	6170mg/l
Total Chromium	12.5mg/l
Ref. CPCB.Newdelhi, Govt. of India,2010

 

TABLE NO- 5.0 GOVT. POLUTION STANDARDS FOR WOOLEN INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT :

Characteristics	Tolerance Limit
Suspended Solids, mg/L	100
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days at 200 C), mg/L	100
Oil and grease, mg/L	10
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L	250
Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/L	2
Sulphide (as S), mg/L	2

 

TABLE-6.0- EFFICIENY ANALYSIS OF THE JORBEER SEWARAGE TREATMENT PLANT.

PARAMETERS	INFLOW03JAN,212.TIME-01.00 PMmg/l	OUTFLOW05 JAN,2012.TIME 6.00 PMmg/l	Standard(Part III: effluent standard from common treatment plants)mg/l	REMARK
Total Suspended solids, mg/L, Max	928	544	50	Not efficient
pH	9.5	9.3	5.5-9.0	No problem
Temperature (oC)	18	15	<40 oC	No problem
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) for 5 days at 20 degree C, mg/L, Max	1150	440	50	Not efficient
Oils and grease, mg/L, Max	27.2	15.8	10	Not efficient
Phenolic Compounds, mg/L, Max	ND (<0.5)	ND (<0.5)	1	No problem
Sulphides (as S), mg/L, Max	12	8.2	2	Not efficient
Total Residual chlorine, mg/L	5.2	4.9	1	Not efficient
Fluorides (as F), mg/L, Max	0.42	ND (<0.05)	2	No problem
Arsenic (as As), mg/L, Max	0.008	0.016	0.20	No problem
Cadmium (as, Cd), mg/L, Max	ND (<0.003)	ND (<0.003)	2	No problem
Hexavalent chromium (as Cr), mg/L, Max	ND (<0.05)	ND (<0.05)	0.10	No problem
Copper (as Cu), mg/L, Max	0.063	0.029	3	No problem
Lead (as Pb), mg/L, Max	0.018	0.038	0.1	No problem
Mercury (as Hg), mg/L, Max	0.004	0.004	0.01	No problem
Nickel (as Ni), mg/L, Max	ND (<0.05)	ND (<0.05)	3	No problem
Selenium (as Se), mg/L, Max	ND (<0.05)	ND (<0.05)	0.05	No problem
Zinc (as Zn), mg/L, Max	0.52	0.20	5	No Problem
Ammonical nitrogen, mg/L, Max	133.1	85.95	50	Not efficient
Chemical Oxygen Demand, mg/L, Max	2625	940	250	Not efficient
Total dissolved solids(TDS), mg/L	3540	2520	100	Not efficient

 

Effluent analysis of ten selected woolen units was found to be of very high degree of pollutants containing  and violating the standard parameters TDS was found to be of range 38-348 mg/l. Three samples S3, S4, S9 were found to be of high value TDS.258, 310, 348 respectively. BOD for all the ten samples was found to be above the standard limits S9 was found to be of very high BOD value -1750mg/l.Simillarly the oil and grease containts were found above the standards limits ranges from 19.80-200mg/l. S1 and S9 were at highest value-102.8 and 190.6 ml respectively. COD  value was very high than the standard limits ranges 110-2000mg/l. S4, S6, S9 were found with avery large COD 1500,1000,2000 mg/l respectively. Sulphides were found  at high level than the standards ranges from06-18mg/l. sample -4 was found to be of the very high pH-11.17.

Sample analysed for Jorbir treatment plant found to be with a high degree of pollutants and above from the standard parameters with high value of TDS , BOD, COD , oil contants & pH . The inflow waste water sample  was found to be of cointaing a large amount of heavy metals Pb-

Conclusion

The pollution load along with its stretch is very high. Among various sources of pollution, wool dying and processing industries are one of the major sources.

Industrial effluents found to be fully loaded with hazardous pollutants including several heavy metals. None of the industries are following the rules & regulations regarding to preventing the pollution and heavy metal exposure to human population even to its own employees.  There is also lack of awareness regarding the human health and the adverse effects in most of the industries. Woolen industries are found to be contributing a more regarding to the pollutant effluents as they expel a much of the effluent load.

There is not any perfect effluent drainage system for the industrial effluents in any industrial area surveyed. However much of the effluent lo is drain in to a waste water treatment plant situated in outer part of the city the Jorbir area. Effluents in this treatment plant were analyzed through highly précised techniques and found to be loaded with hazardous pollutants including hazardous heavy metals. Efficiency of the treatment plant found to be very poor as there is lack of management in the administrative system as well as there is not any system regarding to removal of hazardous heavy metals from the effluents.

Treated and untreated mixed effluent water is being used for the cultivation of vegetables on very large scale in the adjoining area of the treatment plant. Regarding to this vegetables are found to be congaing a hazardous amount of the heavy metals, which are largely consumed by the subpopulation and area contributing very serious present and delayed adverse health effects in the subpopulation .

The Jorbir treatment plant which has    been constructed at the huge cost (544 lac. INR) to prevent the discharging of solid and untreated waste to free land is primary failed due to mismanagement and negligence towards duty, existing as a demo figure only.

The treatment plant is not efficient to treat the incoming waste as per its design parameters as shown from the efficiency testing results. Plant has been found inefficient to treat parameters like TSS, BOD, COD, Oil and Grease, Ammonical Nitrogen etc as per the prescribed government standard for these most polluting parameters. However, plant is efficient to treat only up to 40-50percent  the standard level.

All the ten (100%) Wool Dying and Processing Industries are failed to fully comply with the Government standard specified for this group of industry. All industries are discharging their effluent containing lower value Cr and Phenolic compound than standard. However, majority of the industries (80%) are discharging their effluent containing very high value of BOD (Max 625 mg/L) Oil & Grease (Max 190 mg/L), COD (Max 1500 mg/L) and Sulphide (Max 26 mg/L) than that of standard. Forty percent ( 4 out of 10;S5,S6,S7,S9) of the industries releasing very acidic effluent where as only ten per cent (I out of 10; S4) industries discharging very strong alkaline effluent. Rest fifty percent industries comply with the pH standards value. This concludes the heavy pollution to environment and contributing toward least efficiency of common waste water treatment plant.

Recommendations

Regular monitoring of wool industrial  Pollution is necessary to take proper action against polluters and implement protective measures.

Pollution controlling mechanism is almost paralysed, Government should take immediate and serious steps to improve the reliability and responsibility of SPCB and CPCB to ensure of pollution controlling measures and regulations with loyalty as it‘s its moral duty to provide healthy environment  and hygiene to citizens.

All the industries establishment should have their own treatment plants and should not allowed discharging effluent stronger than the prescribed standards.

The efficiency of the treatment plant need to be improved and the diversion provision of untreated waste water need to be completely closed from directly discharging to free land..

A  mechanism of paying of the operation cost of the treatment plants by individual industries owners and households need to be rearranged and regulated to sustain the operation of treatment plant with improved efficiency.

This kind of monitoring program need to be expanded in other part of the Bikaner city in collaboration of concerned government agencies and NGO’s with competent subject experts as well as promotion of research in this field and establishment of specialized hi-tech laboratory at district  headquarter level.

There should be an active public participation in compliance of environmental pollution laws regarding making penalties and regular monitoring involving competent and empowered public representatives.

PLATE-01-Huge view of jorbir wastewater treatment plant at Bikaner Rajasthan, India  Click here to View Plate

 

 

PLATE-02-Out flow pond of jorbir wastewater treatment plant at Bikaner Rajasthan, India Click here to View Plate

 

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