Fe- Containing Ionic Liquid Supported on Nanosized MCM-41: An Efficient and Reusable Catalyst in the Synthesis of 2-Aryl Benzimidazole Derivatives

Introduction

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles with uniform pore size and a long-range ordered pore structure were first reported in the early 1990s using surfactants as structure-directing agents (SDAs). Now, rapid progress has been achieved in the synthesis and application of ordered MSNs in catalysis, adsorption, separation, sensing, and drug delivery¹. Among the various types of  mesoporous silica, MCM-41 exhibits a highly ordered hexagonal array of one dimensional mesoporous with a pore diameter of 15–100 Å, high surface area (>1000 m² g⁻¹) and high thermal stability (ca. 900 °C)².

Magnetic ionic liquids (MILs) ³ incorporated with inorganic or organic paramagnetic ions are a new type of ionic materials having high ionic conductivity, magnetic responsiveness and sometimes integrated with luminescence activity⁴.

The MILs are primarily based on high-spin d5 Fe (III) in the form of tetrachloroor tetrabromoferrate(III) with various counter cations. Owing to the high single-ion magnetic moments, these MILs exhibited a strong response to magnetic fields ⁵. Since then, much attention has been paid to the design and synthesis of this new class of ILs^6–10. Moreover, the catalytic activities of MILs have been studied in Friedel Crafts acylation ¹¹, aryl grignard cross coupling of alkyl halides ¹², preparation of 1,2-azidoalcohols ¹³, glycolysis of poly(ethylene terephthalate) ¹⁴, “liquid fixed-bed” catalysts in flow application ¹⁵, oxidative desulfurization of fuels ¹⁶ and multi-component synthesis of 1- and 5-substituted 1H-tetrazoles ¹⁷ and quinazoline derivatives ¹⁸.

Recently, we introduced new sustainable synthetic methods using Fe-containing ionic liquids ^19-21. In the present work we report the catalytic application of nanosized MCM-41 supported n- 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroferrate(III), as catalyst in the synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives via condensation of different benzaldehydes and o-phenylenediamine.

Experiment

General

All compounds were purchased from Aldrich and Merck companies and used as received without further purification. The purity of the products and reaction monitoring were followed by thin layer chromatography on Merck DC-Alufolien plates pre-coated with silica gel F₂₅₄.IR spectra were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer RX1 FTIR spectrometer. SEM images were obtained from a Philips XL30 instrument.

Synthesis of MIL[Bmim][Fecl₄]

The magnetic ionic liquid was synthesized following the same way remarked in literature. 5 mmol [bmim]Cl (0.870g) and 5 mmol FeCl₃ (0.825g) were added to a round bottom flask and stirred with a magnet for 15 minutes. The resulting ionic liquid was dissolved in ethyl acetate (10 mL) and the solution was centrifuged after filtration in order to separate any possible residue of inorganic salts. Afterwards, ethylacetate was evaporated and the obtained dark brown liquid, butyl methyl imidazolium tetrachloro ferrate(III) was dried under vacuum at 80 ºC overnight.

 Synthesis of MCM-41

The source of silicon was tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS, 98%). The structure-directing agent was cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). A typical synthesis gel was prepared by adding 5.78 g of TEOS to an aqueous solution containing 1.01 g of CTAB and 0.34 g of NaOH and 30 ml of deionized water. After further stirring for about 1 h at room temperature, the resulting homogeneous mixture was crystallized under static hydrothermal conditions at 383 K in a Teflon lined autoclave for 96 h. The molar composition of the initial gel mixture was 1.0:0.10:0.30:60 TEOS/CTAB/NaOH/ H₂O. The solid product was obtained by filtration, washed with deionized water, dried in air at 353 K and calcined in air at 813 K for 24 h.

The Preparation of [Bmim][Fecl₄]/MCM-41

A suspensions of the MCM-41(0.1g) and [bmim][FeCl₄] (1mmol) in acetone (5mmol) were stirred vigorously for 12 h. It was then centrifuged and the solid washed many times with acetone and then dried under vacuum at 40 ̊C.

General Procedure for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles in the Presence of [Bmim][Fecl₄]/MCM-41(MIL/MCM-41)

A mixture of 1.2 phenylenediamin(1 mmol), aryl aldehyde (1 mmol), [bmim][FeCl₄]/MCM-41 (0.05 gr) and ethanol (5 mL) was placed in a round bottom flask and refluxed for the given times recorded in Table 2. After completion of the reaction observed by TLC (using n-hexane/ ethylacetate (1:2) as eluent), the mixture was cooled to room temperature, the precipitate was filtered and washed with (hot ethanol) for several times. The resultant product purified by column chromatography and characterized by comparison of their physical data with benzimidazole derivatives reported in literature.

Results and Discussions

First of all, FT‐IR spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to confirm the successful immobilization of [bmim][FeCl₄] onto the MCM-41. The FT‐IR spectrum and SEM image of [bmim][FeCl₄]/MCM-41 is shown in Fig. 1.

Figure 1: The FT-IR spectrum (upper) and SEM image (lower) of [bmim][FeCl4]/MCM-41 Click here to View Figure

 

Scheme 1: Synthesis of 2-Aryl Benzimidazoles Click here to View Scheme

 

In order to investigate the catalytic ability of the MIL/MCM-41, the condensation of 1-2 phenylenediamin with 4-nitrobenzaldehyde was chosen as the model reaction in different conditions. As seen in Table 1, the most appropriate condition among the candidate ones giving excellent yield in a proper time is the 8th process using ethanol as solvent under reflux condition.

Then, it was decided to evaluate the catalytic activity of the catalyst for the preparation of 2-Aryl Benzimidazoles and the results showed a highly effective performance of the catalyst (Scheme 1, Table 2).

With the optimal reaction conditions in hand, consisting of a 1:1 molar ratios of aldehyde and o-phenylenediamine with 0.05 g loading of [bmim][FeCl₄]/MCM-41 and ethanol as solvent under reflux conditions, the generality and synthetic scope of this coupling protocol were demonstrated through the synthesis of a series of 2-Aryl Benzimidazoles (Table 2). Pleasingly, a wide range of aromatic aldehydes with electron donating or electron withdrawing groups was well tolerated under the optimized reaction conditions.Also, postulated catalytic activity of the catalyst is shown (Scheme 2).

 

Scheme 2: Schematic illustration of the reaction Click here to View Scheme

 

Table 1: The one-pot condensation reaction of 1-2 phenylenediamin(1 mmol) and 4-nitrobenzaldehyde (1 mmol) under different condition

Entry	Catalyst (mmol)	Solvent	Temperature (ºC)	Time (min)	Result
1	0.05	–	60	120	No Reaction
2	0.05	–	r.t	120	No Reaction
3	0.05	H2O	reflux	120	No Reaction
4	0.05	n-hexane	reflux	120	Uncompleted
5	0.05	CHCl3	reflux	120	Uncompleted
6	0.05	CH3CN	reflux	120	Uncompleted
7	0.02	EtOH	reflux	120	Uncompleted
8	0.05	EtOH	reflux	30	Completed
9	0.05	EtOH	r.t	120	Uncompleted

 

Table 2: Synthesis of 2-Aryl Benzimidazoles and catalyzed by [bmim][FeCl4]/MCM-41 (MIL/MCM-41) Click here to View table

 

Conclusion

We have developed a facile and environmentally friendly protocol for the syntheses of 2-Aryl Benzimidazoles derivatives in the presence of [bmim][FeCl₄]/ MCM-41 as a novel environmentally safe heterogeneous catalyst. This method offers several advantages including easy workup, green condition, good yield and simple purification.

Acknowledgments

We are sincerely grateful to the Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University for the financial support of this project.

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